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Rabies in Iraq: Trends in Human Cases 2001–2010 and Characterisation of Animal Rabies Strains from Baghdad

Control of rabies requires a consistent supply of dependable resources, constructive cooperation between veterinary and public health authorities, and systematic surveillance. These are challenging in any circumstances, but particularly during conflict. Here we describe available human rabies survei...

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Autores principales: Horton, Daniel L., Ismail, Mashair Z., Siryan, Eman S., Wali, Abdul Raheem A., Ab-dulla, Husam E., Wise, Emma, Voller, Katja, Harkess, Graeme, Marston, Denise A., McElhinney, Lorraine M., Abbas, Salah F., Fooks, Anthony R.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Public Library of Science 2013
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3585036/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23469303
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002075
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author Horton, Daniel L.
Ismail, Mashair Z.
Siryan, Eman S.
Wali, Abdul Raheem A.
Ab-dulla, Husam E.
Wise, Emma
Voller, Katja
Harkess, Graeme
Marston, Denise A.
McElhinney, Lorraine M.
Abbas, Salah F.
Fooks, Anthony R.
author_facet Horton, Daniel L.
Ismail, Mashair Z.
Siryan, Eman S.
Wali, Abdul Raheem A.
Ab-dulla, Husam E.
Wise, Emma
Voller, Katja
Harkess, Graeme
Marston, Denise A.
McElhinney, Lorraine M.
Abbas, Salah F.
Fooks, Anthony R.
author_sort Horton, Daniel L.
collection PubMed
description Control of rabies requires a consistent supply of dependable resources, constructive cooperation between veterinary and public health authorities, and systematic surveillance. These are challenging in any circumstances, but particularly during conflict. Here we describe available human rabies surveillance data from Iraq, results of renewed sampling for rabies in animals, and the first genetic characterisation of circulating rabies strains from Iraq. Human rabies is notifiable, with reported cases increasing since 2003, and a marked increase in Baghdad between 2009 and 2010. These changes coincide with increasing numbers of reported dog bites. There is no laboratory confirmation of disease or virus characterisation and no systematic surveillance for rabies in animals. To address these issues, brain samples were collected from domestic animals in the greater Baghdad region and tested for rabies. Three of 40 brain samples were positive using the fluorescent antibody test and hemi-nested RT-PCR for rabies virus (RABV). Bayesian phylogenetic analysis using partial nucleoprotein gene sequences derived from the samples demonstrated the viruses belong to a single virus variant and share a common ancestor with viruses from neighbouring countries, 22 (95% HPD 14–32) years ago. These include countries lying to the west, north and east of Iraq, some of which also have other virus variants circulating concurrently. These results suggest possible multiple introductions of rabies into the Middle East, and regular trans-boundary movement of disease. Although 4000 years have passed since the original description of disease consistent with rabies, animals and humans are still dying of this preventable and neglected zoonosis.
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spelling pubmed-35850362013-03-06 Rabies in Iraq: Trends in Human Cases 2001–2010 and Characterisation of Animal Rabies Strains from Baghdad Horton, Daniel L. Ismail, Mashair Z. Siryan, Eman S. Wali, Abdul Raheem A. Ab-dulla, Husam E. Wise, Emma Voller, Katja Harkess, Graeme Marston, Denise A. McElhinney, Lorraine M. Abbas, Salah F. Fooks, Anthony R. PLoS Negl Trop Dis Research Article Control of rabies requires a consistent supply of dependable resources, constructive cooperation between veterinary and public health authorities, and systematic surveillance. These are challenging in any circumstances, but particularly during conflict. Here we describe available human rabies surveillance data from Iraq, results of renewed sampling for rabies in animals, and the first genetic characterisation of circulating rabies strains from Iraq. Human rabies is notifiable, with reported cases increasing since 2003, and a marked increase in Baghdad between 2009 and 2010. These changes coincide with increasing numbers of reported dog bites. There is no laboratory confirmation of disease or virus characterisation and no systematic surveillance for rabies in animals. To address these issues, brain samples were collected from domestic animals in the greater Baghdad region and tested for rabies. Three of 40 brain samples were positive using the fluorescent antibody test and hemi-nested RT-PCR for rabies virus (RABV). Bayesian phylogenetic analysis using partial nucleoprotein gene sequences derived from the samples demonstrated the viruses belong to a single virus variant and share a common ancestor with viruses from neighbouring countries, 22 (95% HPD 14–32) years ago. These include countries lying to the west, north and east of Iraq, some of which also have other virus variants circulating concurrently. These results suggest possible multiple introductions of rabies into the Middle East, and regular trans-boundary movement of disease. Although 4000 years have passed since the original description of disease consistent with rabies, animals and humans are still dying of this preventable and neglected zoonosis. Public Library of Science 2013-02-28 /pmc/articles/PMC3585036/ /pubmed/23469303 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002075 Text en © 2013 Horton et al http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited.
spellingShingle Research Article
Horton, Daniel L.
Ismail, Mashair Z.
Siryan, Eman S.
Wali, Abdul Raheem A.
Ab-dulla, Husam E.
Wise, Emma
Voller, Katja
Harkess, Graeme
Marston, Denise A.
McElhinney, Lorraine M.
Abbas, Salah F.
Fooks, Anthony R.
Rabies in Iraq: Trends in Human Cases 2001–2010 and Characterisation of Animal Rabies Strains from Baghdad
title Rabies in Iraq: Trends in Human Cases 2001–2010 and Characterisation of Animal Rabies Strains from Baghdad
title_full Rabies in Iraq: Trends in Human Cases 2001–2010 and Characterisation of Animal Rabies Strains from Baghdad
title_fullStr Rabies in Iraq: Trends in Human Cases 2001–2010 and Characterisation of Animal Rabies Strains from Baghdad
title_full_unstemmed Rabies in Iraq: Trends in Human Cases 2001–2010 and Characterisation of Animal Rabies Strains from Baghdad
title_short Rabies in Iraq: Trends in Human Cases 2001–2010 and Characterisation of Animal Rabies Strains from Baghdad
title_sort rabies in iraq: trends in human cases 2001–2010 and characterisation of animal rabies strains from baghdad
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3585036/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23469303
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002075
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