Biochemical Characterization, Action on Macrophages, and Superoxide Anion Production of Four Basic Phospholipases A(2) from Panamanian Bothrops asper Snake Venom

Bothrops asper (Squamata: Viperidae) is the most important venomous snake in Central America, being responsible for the majority of snakebite accidents. Four basic PLA(2)s (pMTX-I to -IV) were purified from crude venom by a single-step chromatography using a CM-Sepharose ion-exchange column (1.5 × 15 cm). Analysis of the N-terminal sequence demonstrated that pMTX-I and III belong to the catalytically active Asp49 phospholipase A(2) subclass, whereas pMTX-II and IV belong to the enzymatically inactive Lys49 PLA(2)s-like subclass. The PLA(2)s isolated from Panama Bothrops asper venom (pMTX-I, II, III, and IV) are able to induce myotoxic activity, inflammatory reaction mainly leukocyte migration to the muscle, and induce J774A.1 macrophages activation to start phagocytic activity and superoxide production.