A recurring motif for antibody recognition of the receptor-binding site of influenza hemagglutinin

Influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) mediates receptor binding and viral entry during influenza infection. The development of receptor analogs as viral entry blockers has not been successful, suggesting that sialic acid may not be an ideal scaffold to obtain broad and potent HA inhibitors. Here we report crystal structures of Fab fragments from three human antibodies that neutralize the 1957 pandemic H2N2 influenza virus in complex with H2 HA. All three antibodies use an aromatic residue to plug a conserved cavity in the HA receptor-binding site. Each antibody interacts with the absolutely conserved HA1 Trp153 at the cavity base through π-π stacking with the signature Phe54 of two V(H)1-69 antibodies or a tyrosine from HCDR3 in the other antibody. This remarkably conserved interaction can be used as a starting point to design inhibitors targeting this conserved hydrophobic pocket in influenza viruses.