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Small-Molecule Hormones: Molecular Mechanisms of Action

Small-molecule hormones play crucial roles in the development and in the maintenance of an adult mammalian organism. On the molecular level, they regulate a plethora of biological pathways. Part of their actions depends on their transcription-regulating properties, exerted by highly specific nuclear...

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Autores principales: Puzianowska-Kuznicka, Monika, Pawlik-Pachucka, Eliza, Owczarz, Magdalena, Budzińska, Monika, Polosak, Jacek
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2013
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3603355/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23533406
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/601246
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author Puzianowska-Kuznicka, Monika
Pawlik-Pachucka, Eliza
Owczarz, Magdalena
Budzińska, Monika
Polosak, Jacek
author_facet Puzianowska-Kuznicka, Monika
Pawlik-Pachucka, Eliza
Owczarz, Magdalena
Budzińska, Monika
Polosak, Jacek
author_sort Puzianowska-Kuznicka, Monika
collection PubMed
description Small-molecule hormones play crucial roles in the development and in the maintenance of an adult mammalian organism. On the molecular level, they regulate a plethora of biological pathways. Part of their actions depends on their transcription-regulating properties, exerted by highly specific nuclear receptors which are hormone-dependent transcription factors. Nuclear hormone receptors interact with coactivators, corepressors, basal transcription factors, and other transcription factors in order to modulate the activity of target genes in a manner that is dependent on tissue, age and developmental and pathophysiological states. The biological effect of this mechanism becomes apparent not earlier than 30–60 minutes after hormonal stimulus. In addition, small-molecule hormones modify the function of the cell by a number of nongenomic mechanisms, involving interaction with proteins localized in the plasma membrane, in the cytoplasm, as well as with proteins localized in other cellular membranes and in nonnuclear cellular compartments. The identity of such proteins is still under investigation; however, it seems that extranuclear fractions of nuclear hormone receptors commonly serve this function. A direct interaction of small-molecule hormones with membrane phospholipids and with mRNA is also postulated. In these mechanisms, the reaction to hormonal stimulus appears within seconds or minutes.
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spelling pubmed-36033552013-03-26 Small-Molecule Hormones: Molecular Mechanisms of Action Puzianowska-Kuznicka, Monika Pawlik-Pachucka, Eliza Owczarz, Magdalena Budzińska, Monika Polosak, Jacek Int J Endocrinol Review Article Small-molecule hormones play crucial roles in the development and in the maintenance of an adult mammalian organism. On the molecular level, they regulate a plethora of biological pathways. Part of their actions depends on their transcription-regulating properties, exerted by highly specific nuclear receptors which are hormone-dependent transcription factors. Nuclear hormone receptors interact with coactivators, corepressors, basal transcription factors, and other transcription factors in order to modulate the activity of target genes in a manner that is dependent on tissue, age and developmental and pathophysiological states. The biological effect of this mechanism becomes apparent not earlier than 30–60 minutes after hormonal stimulus. In addition, small-molecule hormones modify the function of the cell by a number of nongenomic mechanisms, involving interaction with proteins localized in the plasma membrane, in the cytoplasm, as well as with proteins localized in other cellular membranes and in nonnuclear cellular compartments. The identity of such proteins is still under investigation; however, it seems that extranuclear fractions of nuclear hormone receptors commonly serve this function. A direct interaction of small-molecule hormones with membrane phospholipids and with mRNA is also postulated. In these mechanisms, the reaction to hormonal stimulus appears within seconds or minutes. Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2013 2013-02-28 /pmc/articles/PMC3603355/ /pubmed/23533406 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/601246 Text en Copyright © 2013 Monika Puzianowska-Kuznicka et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
spellingShingle Review Article
Puzianowska-Kuznicka, Monika
Pawlik-Pachucka, Eliza
Owczarz, Magdalena
Budzińska, Monika
Polosak, Jacek
Small-Molecule Hormones: Molecular Mechanisms of Action
title Small-Molecule Hormones: Molecular Mechanisms of Action
title_full Small-Molecule Hormones: Molecular Mechanisms of Action
title_fullStr Small-Molecule Hormones: Molecular Mechanisms of Action
title_full_unstemmed Small-Molecule Hormones: Molecular Mechanisms of Action
title_short Small-Molecule Hormones: Molecular Mechanisms of Action
title_sort small-molecule hormones: molecular mechanisms of action
topic Review Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3603355/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23533406
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/601246
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