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The Genetic Legacy of the Pre-Colonial Period in Contemporary Bolivians
Only a few genetic studies have been carried out to date in Bolivia. However, some of the most important (pre)historical enclaves of South America were located in these territories. Thus, the (sub)-Andean region of Bolivia was part of the Inca Empire, the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. We h...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Public Library of Science
2013
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3604014/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23527064 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0058980 |
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author | Taboada-Echalar, Patricia Álvarez-Iglesias, Vanesa Heinz, Tanja Vidal-Bralo, Laura Gómez-Carballa, Alberto Catelli, Laura Pardo-Seco, Jacobo Pastoriza, Ana Carracedo, Ángel Torres-Balanza, Antonio Rocabado, Omar Vullo, Carlos Salas, Antonio |
author_facet | Taboada-Echalar, Patricia Álvarez-Iglesias, Vanesa Heinz, Tanja Vidal-Bralo, Laura Gómez-Carballa, Alberto Catelli, Laura Pardo-Seco, Jacobo Pastoriza, Ana Carracedo, Ángel Torres-Balanza, Antonio Rocabado, Omar Vullo, Carlos Salas, Antonio |
author_sort | Taboada-Echalar, Patricia |
collection | PubMed |
description | Only a few genetic studies have been carried out to date in Bolivia. However, some of the most important (pre)historical enclaves of South America were located in these territories. Thus, the (sub)-Andean region of Bolivia was part of the Inca Empire, the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. We have genotyped the first hypervariable region (HVS-I) of 720 samples representing the main regions in Bolivia, and these data have been analyzed in the context of other pan-American samples (>19,000 HVS-I mtDNAs). Entire mtDNA genome sequencing was also undertaken on selected Native American lineages. Additionally, a panel of 46 Ancestry Informative Markers (AIMs) was genotyped in a sub-set of samples. The vast majority of the Bolivian mtDNAs (98.4%) were found to belong to the main Native American haplogroups (A: 14.3%, B: 52.6%, C: 21.9%, D: 9.6%), with little indication of sub-Saharan and/or European lineages; however, marked patterns of haplogroup frequencies between main regions exist (e.g. haplogroup B: Andean [71%], Sub-Andean [61%], Llanos [32%]). Analysis of entire genomes unraveled the phylogenetic characteristics of three Native haplogroups: the pan-American haplogroup B2b (originated ∼21.4 thousand years ago [kya]), A2ah (∼5.2 kya), and B2o (∼2.6 kya). The data suggest that B2b could have arisen in North California (an origin even in the north most region of the American continent cannot be disregarded), moved southward following the Pacific coastline and crossed Meso-America. Then, it most likely spread into South America following two routes: the Pacific path towards Peru and Bolivia (arriving here at about ∼15.2 kya), and the Amazonian route of Venezuela and Brazil southwards. In contrast to the mtDNA, Ancestry Informative Markers (AIMs) reveal a higher (although geographically variable) European introgression in Bolivians (25%). Bolivia shows a decreasing autosomal molecular diversity pattern along the longitudinal axis, from the Altiplano to the lowlands. Both autosomes and mtDNA revealed a low impact (1–2%) of a sub-Saharan component in Bolivians. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-3604014 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2013 |
publisher | Public Library of Science |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-36040142013-03-22 The Genetic Legacy of the Pre-Colonial Period in Contemporary Bolivians Taboada-Echalar, Patricia Álvarez-Iglesias, Vanesa Heinz, Tanja Vidal-Bralo, Laura Gómez-Carballa, Alberto Catelli, Laura Pardo-Seco, Jacobo Pastoriza, Ana Carracedo, Ángel Torres-Balanza, Antonio Rocabado, Omar Vullo, Carlos Salas, Antonio PLoS One Research Article Only a few genetic studies have been carried out to date in Bolivia. However, some of the most important (pre)historical enclaves of South America were located in these territories. Thus, the (sub)-Andean region of Bolivia was part of the Inca Empire, the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. We have genotyped the first hypervariable region (HVS-I) of 720 samples representing the main regions in Bolivia, and these data have been analyzed in the context of other pan-American samples (>19,000 HVS-I mtDNAs). Entire mtDNA genome sequencing was also undertaken on selected Native American lineages. Additionally, a panel of 46 Ancestry Informative Markers (AIMs) was genotyped in a sub-set of samples. The vast majority of the Bolivian mtDNAs (98.4%) were found to belong to the main Native American haplogroups (A: 14.3%, B: 52.6%, C: 21.9%, D: 9.6%), with little indication of sub-Saharan and/or European lineages; however, marked patterns of haplogroup frequencies between main regions exist (e.g. haplogroup B: Andean [71%], Sub-Andean [61%], Llanos [32%]). Analysis of entire genomes unraveled the phylogenetic characteristics of three Native haplogroups: the pan-American haplogroup B2b (originated ∼21.4 thousand years ago [kya]), A2ah (∼5.2 kya), and B2o (∼2.6 kya). The data suggest that B2b could have arisen in North California (an origin even in the north most region of the American continent cannot be disregarded), moved southward following the Pacific coastline and crossed Meso-America. Then, it most likely spread into South America following two routes: the Pacific path towards Peru and Bolivia (arriving here at about ∼15.2 kya), and the Amazonian route of Venezuela and Brazil southwards. In contrast to the mtDNA, Ancestry Informative Markers (AIMs) reveal a higher (although geographically variable) European introgression in Bolivians (25%). Bolivia shows a decreasing autosomal molecular diversity pattern along the longitudinal axis, from the Altiplano to the lowlands. Both autosomes and mtDNA revealed a low impact (1–2%) of a sub-Saharan component in Bolivians. Public Library of Science 2013-03-20 /pmc/articles/PMC3604014/ /pubmed/23527064 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0058980 Text en © 2013 Taboada-Echalar et al http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Taboada-Echalar, Patricia Álvarez-Iglesias, Vanesa Heinz, Tanja Vidal-Bralo, Laura Gómez-Carballa, Alberto Catelli, Laura Pardo-Seco, Jacobo Pastoriza, Ana Carracedo, Ángel Torres-Balanza, Antonio Rocabado, Omar Vullo, Carlos Salas, Antonio The Genetic Legacy of the Pre-Colonial Period in Contemporary Bolivians |
title | The Genetic Legacy of the Pre-Colonial Period in Contemporary Bolivians |
title_full | The Genetic Legacy of the Pre-Colonial Period in Contemporary Bolivians |
title_fullStr | The Genetic Legacy of the Pre-Colonial Period in Contemporary Bolivians |
title_full_unstemmed | The Genetic Legacy of the Pre-Colonial Period in Contemporary Bolivians |
title_short | The Genetic Legacy of the Pre-Colonial Period in Contemporary Bolivians |
title_sort | genetic legacy of the pre-colonial period in contemporary bolivians |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3604014/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23527064 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0058980 |
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