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Biomarkers of sepsis
Sepsis is an unusual systemic reaction to what is sometimes an otherwise ordinary infection, and it probably represents a pattern of response by the immune system to injury. A hyper-inflammatory response is followed by an immunosuppressive phase during which multiple organ dysfunction is present and...
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Informa Healthcare USA, Inc.
2013
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3613962/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23480440 http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10408363.2013.764490 |
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author | Faix, James D. |
author_facet | Faix, James D. |
author_sort | Faix, James D. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Sepsis is an unusual systemic reaction to what is sometimes an otherwise ordinary infection, and it probably represents a pattern of response by the immune system to injury. A hyper-inflammatory response is followed by an immunosuppressive phase during which multiple organ dysfunction is present and the patient is susceptible to nosocomial infection. Biomarkers to diagnose sepsis may allow early intervention which, although primarily supportive, can reduce the risk of death. Although lactate is currently the most commonly used biomarker to identify sepsis, other biomarkers may help to enhance lactate’s effectiveness; these include markers of the hyper-inflammatory phase of sepsis, such as pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines; proteins such as C-reactive protein and procalcitonin which are synthesized in response to infection and inflammation; and markers of neutrophil and monocyte activation. Recently, markers of the immunosuppressive phase of sepsis, such as anti-inflammatory cytokines, and alterations of the cell surface markers of monocytes and lymphocytes have been examined. Combinations of pro- and anti-inflammatory biomarkers in a multi-marker panel may help identify patients who are developing severe sepsis before organ dysfunction has advanced too far. Combined with innovative approaches to treatment that target the immunosuppressive phase, these biomarkers may help to reduce the mortality rate associated with severe sepsis which, despite advances in supportive measures, remains high. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-3613962 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2013 |
publisher | Informa Healthcare USA, Inc. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-36139622013-04-08 Biomarkers of sepsis Faix, James D. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci Review Article Sepsis is an unusual systemic reaction to what is sometimes an otherwise ordinary infection, and it probably represents a pattern of response by the immune system to injury. A hyper-inflammatory response is followed by an immunosuppressive phase during which multiple organ dysfunction is present and the patient is susceptible to nosocomial infection. Biomarkers to diagnose sepsis may allow early intervention which, although primarily supportive, can reduce the risk of death. Although lactate is currently the most commonly used biomarker to identify sepsis, other biomarkers may help to enhance lactate’s effectiveness; these include markers of the hyper-inflammatory phase of sepsis, such as pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines; proteins such as C-reactive protein and procalcitonin which are synthesized in response to infection and inflammation; and markers of neutrophil and monocyte activation. Recently, markers of the immunosuppressive phase of sepsis, such as anti-inflammatory cytokines, and alterations of the cell surface markers of monocytes and lymphocytes have been examined. Combinations of pro- and anti-inflammatory biomarkers in a multi-marker panel may help identify patients who are developing severe sepsis before organ dysfunction has advanced too far. Combined with innovative approaches to treatment that target the immunosuppressive phase, these biomarkers may help to reduce the mortality rate associated with severe sepsis which, despite advances in supportive measures, remains high. Informa Healthcare USA, Inc. 2013-01 2013-03-01 /pmc/articles/PMC3613962/ /pubmed/23480440 http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10408363.2013.764490 Text en © 2013 Informa UK Ltd All rights reserved: reproduction in whole or part not permitted http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the source is credited. |
spellingShingle | Review Article Faix, James D. Biomarkers of sepsis |
title | Biomarkers of sepsis |
title_full | Biomarkers of sepsis |
title_fullStr | Biomarkers of sepsis |
title_full_unstemmed | Biomarkers of sepsis |
title_short | Biomarkers of sepsis |
title_sort | biomarkers of sepsis |
topic | Review Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3613962/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23480440 http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10408363.2013.764490 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT faixjamesd biomarkersofsepsis |