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Maturation of the adolescent brain

Adolescence is the developmental epoch during which children become adults – intellectually, physically, hormonally, and socially. Adolescence is a tumultuous time, full of changes and transformations. The pubertal transition to adulthood involves both gonadal and behavioral maturation. Magnetic res...

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Autores principales: Arain, Mariam, Haque, Maliha, Johal, Lina, Mathur, Puja, Nel, Wynand, Rais, Afsha, Sandhu, Ranbir, Sharma, Sushil
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Dove Medical Press 2013
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3621648/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23579318
http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S39776
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author Arain, Mariam
Haque, Maliha
Johal, Lina
Mathur, Puja
Nel, Wynand
Rais, Afsha
Sandhu, Ranbir
Sharma, Sushil
author_facet Arain, Mariam
Haque, Maliha
Johal, Lina
Mathur, Puja
Nel, Wynand
Rais, Afsha
Sandhu, Ranbir
Sharma, Sushil
author_sort Arain, Mariam
collection PubMed
description Adolescence is the developmental epoch during which children become adults – intellectually, physically, hormonally, and socially. Adolescence is a tumultuous time, full of changes and transformations. The pubertal transition to adulthood involves both gonadal and behavioral maturation. Magnetic resonance imaging studies have discovered that myelinogenesis, required for proper insulation and efficient neurocybernetics, continues from childhood and the brain’s region-specific neurocircuitry remains structurally and functionally vulnerable to impulsive sex, food, and sleep habits. The maturation of the adolescent brain is also influenced by heredity, environment, and sex hormones (estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone), which play a crucial role in myelination. Furthermore, glutamatergic neurotransmission predominates, whereas gamma-aminobutyric acid neurotransmission remains under construction, and this might be responsible for immature and impulsive behavior and neurobehavioral excitement during adolescent life. The adolescent population is highly vulnerable to driving under the influence of alcohol and social maladjustments due to an immature limbic system and prefrontal cortex. Synaptic plasticity and the release of neurotransmitters may also be influenced by environmental neurotoxins and drugs of abuse including cigarettes, caffeine, and alcohol during adolescence. Adolescents may become involved with offensive crimes, irresponsible behavior, unprotected sex, juvenile courts, or even prison. According to a report by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the major cause of death among the teenage population is due to injury and violence related to sex and substance abuse. Prenatal neglect, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption may also significantly impact maturation of the adolescent brain. Pharmacological interventions to regulate adolescent behavior have been attempted with limited success. Since several factors, including age, sex, disease, nutritional status, and substance abuse have a significant impact on the maturation of the adolescent brain, we have highlighted the influence of these clinically significant and socially important aspects in this report.
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spelling pubmed-36216482013-04-11 Maturation of the adolescent brain Arain, Mariam Haque, Maliha Johal, Lina Mathur, Puja Nel, Wynand Rais, Afsha Sandhu, Ranbir Sharma, Sushil Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat Review Adolescence is the developmental epoch during which children become adults – intellectually, physically, hormonally, and socially. Adolescence is a tumultuous time, full of changes and transformations. The pubertal transition to adulthood involves both gonadal and behavioral maturation. Magnetic resonance imaging studies have discovered that myelinogenesis, required for proper insulation and efficient neurocybernetics, continues from childhood and the brain’s region-specific neurocircuitry remains structurally and functionally vulnerable to impulsive sex, food, and sleep habits. The maturation of the adolescent brain is also influenced by heredity, environment, and sex hormones (estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone), which play a crucial role in myelination. Furthermore, glutamatergic neurotransmission predominates, whereas gamma-aminobutyric acid neurotransmission remains under construction, and this might be responsible for immature and impulsive behavior and neurobehavioral excitement during adolescent life. The adolescent population is highly vulnerable to driving under the influence of alcohol and social maladjustments due to an immature limbic system and prefrontal cortex. Synaptic plasticity and the release of neurotransmitters may also be influenced by environmental neurotoxins and drugs of abuse including cigarettes, caffeine, and alcohol during adolescence. Adolescents may become involved with offensive crimes, irresponsible behavior, unprotected sex, juvenile courts, or even prison. According to a report by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the major cause of death among the teenage population is due to injury and violence related to sex and substance abuse. Prenatal neglect, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption may also significantly impact maturation of the adolescent brain. Pharmacological interventions to regulate adolescent behavior have been attempted with limited success. Since several factors, including age, sex, disease, nutritional status, and substance abuse have a significant impact on the maturation of the adolescent brain, we have highlighted the influence of these clinically significant and socially important aspects in this report. Dove Medical Press 2013 2013-04-03 /pmc/articles/PMC3621648/ /pubmed/23579318 http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S39776 Text en © 2013 Arain et al, publisher and licensee Dove Medical Press Ltd This is an Open Access article which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, provided the original work is properly cited.
spellingShingle Review
Arain, Mariam
Haque, Maliha
Johal, Lina
Mathur, Puja
Nel, Wynand
Rais, Afsha
Sandhu, Ranbir
Sharma, Sushil
Maturation of the adolescent brain
title Maturation of the adolescent brain
title_full Maturation of the adolescent brain
title_fullStr Maturation of the adolescent brain
title_full_unstemmed Maturation of the adolescent brain
title_short Maturation of the adolescent brain
title_sort maturation of the adolescent brain
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3621648/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23579318
http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S39776
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