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Overwintering Strategy and Mechanisms of Cold Tolerance in the Codling Moth (Cydia pomonella)

BACKGROUND: The codling moth (Cydia pomonella) is a major insect pest of apples worldwide. Fully grown last instar larvae overwinter in diapause state. Their overwintering strategies and physiological principles of cold tolerance have been insufficiently studied. No elaborate analysis of overwinteri...

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Autores principales: Rozsypal, Jan, Koštál, Vladimír, Zahradníčková, Helena, Šimek, Petr
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Public Library of Science 2013
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3629207/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23613923
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0061745
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author Rozsypal, Jan
Koštál, Vladimír
Zahradníčková, Helena
Šimek, Petr
author_facet Rozsypal, Jan
Koštál, Vladimír
Zahradníčková, Helena
Šimek, Petr
author_sort Rozsypal, Jan
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: The codling moth (Cydia pomonella) is a major insect pest of apples worldwide. Fully grown last instar larvae overwinter in diapause state. Their overwintering strategies and physiological principles of cold tolerance have been insufficiently studied. No elaborate analysis of overwintering physiology is available for European populations. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We observed that codling moth larvae of a Central European population prefer to overwinter in the microhabitat of litter layer near the base of trees. Reliance on extensive supercooling, or freeze-avoidance, appears as their major strategy for survival of the winter cold. The supercooling point decreases from approximately −15.3°C during summer to −26.3°C during winter. Seasonal extension of supercooling capacity is assisted by partial dehydration, increasing osmolality of body fluids, and the accumulation of a complex mixture of winter specific metabolites. Glycogen and glutamine reserves are depleted, while fructose, alanine and some other sugars, polyols and free amino acids are accumulated during winter. The concentrations of trehalose and proline remain high and relatively constant throughout the season, and may contribute to the stabilization of proteins and membranes at subzero temperatures. In addition to supercooling, overwintering larvae acquire considerable capacity to survive at subzero temperatures, down to −15°C, even in partially frozen state. CONCLUSION: Our detailed laboratory analysis of cold tolerance, and whole-winter survival assays in semi-natural conditions, suggest that the average winter cold does not represent a major threat for codling moth populations. More than 83% of larvae survived over winter in the field and pupated in spring irrespective of the overwintering microhabitat (cold-exposed tree trunk or temperature-buffered litter layer).
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spelling pubmed-36292072013-04-23 Overwintering Strategy and Mechanisms of Cold Tolerance in the Codling Moth (Cydia pomonella) Rozsypal, Jan Koštál, Vladimír Zahradníčková, Helena Šimek, Petr PLoS One Research Article BACKGROUND: The codling moth (Cydia pomonella) is a major insect pest of apples worldwide. Fully grown last instar larvae overwinter in diapause state. Their overwintering strategies and physiological principles of cold tolerance have been insufficiently studied. No elaborate analysis of overwintering physiology is available for European populations. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We observed that codling moth larvae of a Central European population prefer to overwinter in the microhabitat of litter layer near the base of trees. Reliance on extensive supercooling, or freeze-avoidance, appears as their major strategy for survival of the winter cold. The supercooling point decreases from approximately −15.3°C during summer to −26.3°C during winter. Seasonal extension of supercooling capacity is assisted by partial dehydration, increasing osmolality of body fluids, and the accumulation of a complex mixture of winter specific metabolites. Glycogen and glutamine reserves are depleted, while fructose, alanine and some other sugars, polyols and free amino acids are accumulated during winter. The concentrations of trehalose and proline remain high and relatively constant throughout the season, and may contribute to the stabilization of proteins and membranes at subzero temperatures. In addition to supercooling, overwintering larvae acquire considerable capacity to survive at subzero temperatures, down to −15°C, even in partially frozen state. CONCLUSION: Our detailed laboratory analysis of cold tolerance, and whole-winter survival assays in semi-natural conditions, suggest that the average winter cold does not represent a major threat for codling moth populations. More than 83% of larvae survived over winter in the field and pupated in spring irrespective of the overwintering microhabitat (cold-exposed tree trunk or temperature-buffered litter layer). Public Library of Science 2013-04-17 /pmc/articles/PMC3629207/ /pubmed/23613923 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0061745 Text en © 2013 Rozsypal et al http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited.
spellingShingle Research Article
Rozsypal, Jan
Koštál, Vladimír
Zahradníčková, Helena
Šimek, Petr
Overwintering Strategy and Mechanisms of Cold Tolerance in the Codling Moth (Cydia pomonella)
title Overwintering Strategy and Mechanisms of Cold Tolerance in the Codling Moth (Cydia pomonella)
title_full Overwintering Strategy and Mechanisms of Cold Tolerance in the Codling Moth (Cydia pomonella)
title_fullStr Overwintering Strategy and Mechanisms of Cold Tolerance in the Codling Moth (Cydia pomonella)
title_full_unstemmed Overwintering Strategy and Mechanisms of Cold Tolerance in the Codling Moth (Cydia pomonella)
title_short Overwintering Strategy and Mechanisms of Cold Tolerance in the Codling Moth (Cydia pomonella)
title_sort overwintering strategy and mechanisms of cold tolerance in the codling moth (cydia pomonella)
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3629207/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23613923
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0061745
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