Role of 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonists in the treatment of insomnia

Insomnia encompasses a difficulty in falling asleep (sleep-onset insomnia) and/or a difficulty in staying asleep (SMI). Several selective serotonin-2A (5-HT(2A)) receptor antagonists have been in development as potential treatments for SMI. However, none have shown a sufficiently robust benefit-to-risk ratio, and none have reached market approval. We review the role of the 5-HT(2A) mechanism in sleep, the preclinical and clinical data supporting a role for 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonism in improving sleep maintenance, and the status of 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonists in clinical development. Overall, the polysomnography data strongly support an increase in slow-wave sleep and a decrease in waking after sleep onset following treatment with 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonists, although it has been more difficult to show subjective improvements in sleep with these agents. The incidence and prevalence of SMI, whether primary or secondary to psychiatric, neurologic, or other medical conditions, will increase as our population ages. There will be an increased need for safe and efficacious treatments of insomnia characterized by difficulty maintaining sleep, and there remains much promise for 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonism to play a role in these future treatments.