Proinflammatory Cytokines, Adiponectin, and Increased Risk of Primary Cardiovascular Events in Diabetic Patients With or Without Renal Dysfunction: Results from the ESTHER study

OBJECTIVE: Inflammatory processes contribute to both diabetes and cardiovascular risk. We wanted to investigate whether circulating concentrations of proinflammatory immune mediators and adiponectin in diabetic patients are associated with incident cardiovascular events. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: In 1,038 participants with diabetes of the population-based ESTHER study, of whom 326 showed signs of renal dysfunction, Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for the association of increasing concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-18, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), adiponectin, and leptin with cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, stroke, or fatal cardiovascular event) during a follow-up period of 8 years. RESULTS: During follow-up, 161 subjects with diabetes experienced a primary cardiovascular event. Proinflammatory markers were not associated with a higher risk for primary cardiovascular events in the total study population after adjustment for multiple confounders. However, IL-6 and MIF were associated with cardiovascular events in subjects with renal dysfunction (HR for the comparison of top vs. bottom tertile 1.98 [95% CI 1.12–3.52], P [trend] = 0.10 for IL-6; 1.48 [0.87–2.51], P [trend] = 0.04 for MIF). Adiponectin levels were associated with cardiovascular events in the total population (1.48 [1.01–2.21], P [trend] = 0.03), and the association was even more pronounced in the subgroup with renal dysfunction (1.97 [1.08–3.57], P [trend] = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: In particular, the absence of an association between CRP and a U-shaped association of adiponectin levels with incident cardiovascular events show that associations between circulating immune mediators and cardiovascular risk differ between diabetic patients and subjects of the general population.