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Macrophage-tumor cell interactions regulate the function of nitric oxide
Tumor cell-macrophage interactions change as the tumor progresses, and the generation of nitric oxide (NO) by the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) plays a major role in this interplay. In early stages, macrophages employ their killing mechanisms, particularly the generation of high concentrati...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2013
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3684767/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23785333 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2013.00144 |
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author | Rahat, Michal A. Hemmerlein, Bernhard |
author_facet | Rahat, Michal A. Hemmerlein, Bernhard |
author_sort | Rahat, Michal A. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Tumor cell-macrophage interactions change as the tumor progresses, and the generation of nitric oxide (NO) by the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) plays a major role in this interplay. In early stages, macrophages employ their killing mechanisms, particularly the generation of high concentrations of NO and its derivative reactive nitrogen species (RNS) to initiate tumor cell apoptosis and destroy emerging transformed cells. If the tumor escapes the immune system and grows, macrophages that infiltrate it are reprogramed in situ by the tumor microenvironment. Low oxygen tensions (hypoxia) and immunosuppressive cytokines inhibit iNOS activity and lead to production of low amounts of NO/RNS, which are pro-angiogenic and support tumor growth and metastasis by inducing growth factors (e.g., VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). We review here the different roles of NO/RNS in tumor progression and inhibition, and the mechanisms that regulate iNOS expression and NO production, highlighting the role of different subtypes of macrophages and the microenvironment. We finally claim that some tumor cells may become resistant to macrophage-induced death by increasing their expression of microRNA-146a (miR-146a), which leads to inhibition of iNOS translation. This implies that some cooperation between tumor cells and macrophages is required to induce tumor cell death, and that tumor cells may control their fate. Thus, in order to induce susceptibility of tumors cells to macrophage-induced death, we suggest a new therapeutic approach that couples manipulation of miR-146a levels in tumors with macrophage therapy, which relies on ex vivo stimulation of macrophages and their re-introduction to tumors. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-3684767 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2013 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-36847672013-06-19 Macrophage-tumor cell interactions regulate the function of nitric oxide Rahat, Michal A. Hemmerlein, Bernhard Front Physiol Physiology Tumor cell-macrophage interactions change as the tumor progresses, and the generation of nitric oxide (NO) by the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) plays a major role in this interplay. In early stages, macrophages employ their killing mechanisms, particularly the generation of high concentrations of NO and its derivative reactive nitrogen species (RNS) to initiate tumor cell apoptosis and destroy emerging transformed cells. If the tumor escapes the immune system and grows, macrophages that infiltrate it are reprogramed in situ by the tumor microenvironment. Low oxygen tensions (hypoxia) and immunosuppressive cytokines inhibit iNOS activity and lead to production of low amounts of NO/RNS, which are pro-angiogenic and support tumor growth and metastasis by inducing growth factors (e.g., VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). We review here the different roles of NO/RNS in tumor progression and inhibition, and the mechanisms that regulate iNOS expression and NO production, highlighting the role of different subtypes of macrophages and the microenvironment. We finally claim that some tumor cells may become resistant to macrophage-induced death by increasing their expression of microRNA-146a (miR-146a), which leads to inhibition of iNOS translation. This implies that some cooperation between tumor cells and macrophages is required to induce tumor cell death, and that tumor cells may control their fate. Thus, in order to induce susceptibility of tumors cells to macrophage-induced death, we suggest a new therapeutic approach that couples manipulation of miR-146a levels in tumors with macrophage therapy, which relies on ex vivo stimulation of macrophages and their re-introduction to tumors. Frontiers Media S.A. 2013-06-18 /pmc/articles/PMC3684767/ /pubmed/23785333 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2013.00144 Text en Copyright © 2013 Rahat and Hemmerlein. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in other forums, provided the original authors and source are credited and subject to any copyright notices concerning any third-party graphics etc. |
spellingShingle | Physiology Rahat, Michal A. Hemmerlein, Bernhard Macrophage-tumor cell interactions regulate the function of nitric oxide |
title | Macrophage-tumor cell interactions regulate the function of nitric oxide |
title_full | Macrophage-tumor cell interactions regulate the function of nitric oxide |
title_fullStr | Macrophage-tumor cell interactions regulate the function of nitric oxide |
title_full_unstemmed | Macrophage-tumor cell interactions regulate the function of nitric oxide |
title_short | Macrophage-tumor cell interactions regulate the function of nitric oxide |
title_sort | macrophage-tumor cell interactions regulate the function of nitric oxide |
topic | Physiology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3684767/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23785333 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2013.00144 |
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