Ligand-dependent luminescence of ultra-small Eu(3+)-doped NaYF(4) nanoparticles

Pure cubic phase ultra-small α-NaYF(4):4 % Eu(3+) colloidal nanoparticles were synthesized by thermal decomposition reaction using three various capping ligands, i.e., oleic acid, trioctylphosphine oxide, and hexadecylamine. To expose as many Eu(3+) ions as possible to interactions with the surface-bounded ligands, the nanoparticles were fabricated to have the diameters below 10 nm. The geometrical structure and properties of surface ligands needed for qualitative estimation of their influence on spectroscopic features of the investigated Eu(3+) doped nanoparticles were obtained from DFT quantum-chemical calculations. Significant changes of luminescence spectra shapes and luminescence lifetime values were observed upon changes in the local chemical environment. We show that the ratio R = (5) D (0) → (7) F (1)/(5) D (0) → (7) F (2) of the intensities of the forced electric dipole (J = 2) and magnetic dipole (J = 1) transitions in the synthesized Eu(3+) doped nanoparticles is highly sensitive to the type of ligand present on the nanoparticle surface. Similarly, (5) D (0) luminescence lifetimes are found to be sensitive to the refractive index, and also to the dielectric constant of ligands used during the synthesis to coat nanoparticles surface. We argue that the photophysical and electro-optical properties of colloidal Eu(3+) doped inorganic nanoparticles show hyper-sensitive response to the chemical surroundings in the close vicinity of the nanoparticle itself. The behavior of both steady-state luminescence and its kinetics demonstrates the potential suitability of the studied nanoparticles for constructing self-referencing optical nano-sensors. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11051-013-1707-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.