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The Benefits and Detriments of Macrophages/Microglia in Models of Multiple Sclerosis
The central nervous system (CNS) is immune privileged with access to leukocytes being limited. In several neurological diseases, however, infiltration of immune cells from the periphery into the CNS is largely observed and accounts for the increased representation of macrophages within the CNS. In a...
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
2013
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3694375/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23840244 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/948976 |
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author | Rawji, Khalil S. Yong, V. Wee |
author_facet | Rawji, Khalil S. Yong, V. Wee |
author_sort | Rawji, Khalil S. |
collection | PubMed |
description | The central nervous system (CNS) is immune privileged with access to leukocytes being limited. In several neurological diseases, however, infiltration of immune cells from the periphery into the CNS is largely observed and accounts for the increased representation of macrophages within the CNS. In addition to extensive leukocyte infiltration, the activation of microglia is frequently observed. The functions of activated macrophages/microglia within the CNS are complex. In three animal models of multiple sclerosis (MS), namely, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and cuprizone- and lysolecithin-induced demyelination, there have been many reported detrimental roles associated with the involvement of macrophages and microglia. Such detriments include toxicity to neurons and oligodendrocyte precursor cells, release of proteases, release of inflammatory cytokines and free radicals, and recruitment and reactivation of T lymphocytes in the CNS. Many studies, however, have also reported beneficial roles of macrophages/microglia, including axon regenerative roles, assistance in promoting remyelination, clearance of inhibitory myelin debris, and the release of neurotrophic factors. This review will discuss the evidence supporting the detrimental and beneficial aspects of macrophages/microglia in models of MS, provide a discussion of the mechanisms underlying the dichotomous roles, and describe a few therapies in clinical use in MS that impinge on the activity of macrophages/microglia. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-3694375 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2013 |
publisher | Hindawi Publishing Corporation |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-36943752013-07-09 The Benefits and Detriments of Macrophages/Microglia in Models of Multiple Sclerosis Rawji, Khalil S. Yong, V. Wee Clin Dev Immunol Review Article The central nervous system (CNS) is immune privileged with access to leukocytes being limited. In several neurological diseases, however, infiltration of immune cells from the periphery into the CNS is largely observed and accounts for the increased representation of macrophages within the CNS. In addition to extensive leukocyte infiltration, the activation of microglia is frequently observed. The functions of activated macrophages/microglia within the CNS are complex. In three animal models of multiple sclerosis (MS), namely, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and cuprizone- and lysolecithin-induced demyelination, there have been many reported detrimental roles associated with the involvement of macrophages and microglia. Such detriments include toxicity to neurons and oligodendrocyte precursor cells, release of proteases, release of inflammatory cytokines and free radicals, and recruitment and reactivation of T lymphocytes in the CNS. Many studies, however, have also reported beneficial roles of macrophages/microglia, including axon regenerative roles, assistance in promoting remyelination, clearance of inhibitory myelin debris, and the release of neurotrophic factors. This review will discuss the evidence supporting the detrimental and beneficial aspects of macrophages/microglia in models of MS, provide a discussion of the mechanisms underlying the dichotomous roles, and describe a few therapies in clinical use in MS that impinge on the activity of macrophages/microglia. Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2013 2013-06-12 /pmc/articles/PMC3694375/ /pubmed/23840244 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/948976 Text en Copyright © 2013 K. S. Rawji and V. W. Yong. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Review Article Rawji, Khalil S. Yong, V. Wee The Benefits and Detriments of Macrophages/Microglia in Models of Multiple Sclerosis |
title | The Benefits and Detriments of Macrophages/Microglia in Models of Multiple Sclerosis |
title_full | The Benefits and Detriments of Macrophages/Microglia in Models of Multiple Sclerosis |
title_fullStr | The Benefits and Detriments of Macrophages/Microglia in Models of Multiple Sclerosis |
title_full_unstemmed | The Benefits and Detriments of Macrophages/Microglia in Models of Multiple Sclerosis |
title_short | The Benefits and Detriments of Macrophages/Microglia in Models of Multiple Sclerosis |
title_sort | benefits and detriments of macrophages/microglia in models of multiple sclerosis |
topic | Review Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3694375/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23840244 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/948976 |
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