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A bistable hysteretic switch in an activator–repressor regulated restriction–modification system
Restriction–modification (RM) systems are extremely widespread among bacteria and archaea, and are often specified by mobile genetic elements. In type II RM systems, where the restriction endonuclease (REase) and protective DNA methyltransferase (MTase) are separate proteins, a major regulatory chal...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Oxford University Press
2013
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3695507/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23630319 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkt324 |
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author | Williams, Kristen Savageau, Michael A. Blumenthal, Robert M. |
author_facet | Williams, Kristen Savageau, Michael A. Blumenthal, Robert M. |
author_sort | Williams, Kristen |
collection | PubMed |
description | Restriction–modification (RM) systems are extremely widespread among bacteria and archaea, and are often specified by mobile genetic elements. In type II RM systems, where the restriction endonuclease (REase) and protective DNA methyltransferase (MTase) are separate proteins, a major regulatory challenge is delaying expression of the REase relative to the MTase after RM genes enter a new host cell. Basic understanding of this regulation is available for few RM systems, and detailed understanding for none. The PvuII RM system is one of a large subset in which the central regulatory role is played by an activator–repressor protein (called C, for controller). REase expression depends upon activation by C, whereas expression of the MTase does not. Thus delay of REase expression depends on the rate of C-protein accumulation. This is a nonlinear process, as C also activates transcription of its own gene. Mathematical modeling of the PvuII system led to the unexpected predictions of responsiveness to a factor not previously studied in RM system control—gene copy number—and of a hysteretic response. In this study, those predictions have been confirmed experimentally. The results may apply to many other C-regulated RM systems, and help explain their ability to spread so widely. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-3695507 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2013 |
publisher | Oxford University Press |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-36955072013-06-28 A bistable hysteretic switch in an activator–repressor regulated restriction–modification system Williams, Kristen Savageau, Michael A. Blumenthal, Robert M. Nucleic Acids Res Gene Regulation, Chromatin and Epigenetics Restriction–modification (RM) systems are extremely widespread among bacteria and archaea, and are often specified by mobile genetic elements. In type II RM systems, where the restriction endonuclease (REase) and protective DNA methyltransferase (MTase) are separate proteins, a major regulatory challenge is delaying expression of the REase relative to the MTase after RM genes enter a new host cell. Basic understanding of this regulation is available for few RM systems, and detailed understanding for none. The PvuII RM system is one of a large subset in which the central regulatory role is played by an activator–repressor protein (called C, for controller). REase expression depends upon activation by C, whereas expression of the MTase does not. Thus delay of REase expression depends on the rate of C-protein accumulation. This is a nonlinear process, as C also activates transcription of its own gene. Mathematical modeling of the PvuII system led to the unexpected predictions of responsiveness to a factor not previously studied in RM system control—gene copy number—and of a hysteretic response. In this study, those predictions have been confirmed experimentally. The results may apply to many other C-regulated RM systems, and help explain their ability to spread so widely. Oxford University Press 2013-07 2013-04-27 /pmc/articles/PMC3695507/ /pubmed/23630319 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkt324 Text en © The Author(s) 2013. Published by Oxford University Press. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Gene Regulation, Chromatin and Epigenetics Williams, Kristen Savageau, Michael A. Blumenthal, Robert M. A bistable hysteretic switch in an activator–repressor regulated restriction–modification system |
title | A bistable hysteretic switch in an activator–repressor regulated restriction–modification system |
title_full | A bistable hysteretic switch in an activator–repressor regulated restriction–modification system |
title_fullStr | A bistable hysteretic switch in an activator–repressor regulated restriction–modification system |
title_full_unstemmed | A bistable hysteretic switch in an activator–repressor regulated restriction–modification system |
title_short | A bistable hysteretic switch in an activator–repressor regulated restriction–modification system |
title_sort | bistable hysteretic switch in an activator–repressor regulated restriction–modification system |
topic | Gene Regulation, Chromatin and Epigenetics |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3695507/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23630319 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkt324 |
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