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Anaplasma phagocytophilum—a widespread multi-host pathogen with highly adaptive strategies

The bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum has for decades been known to cause the disease tick-borne fever (TBF) in domestic ruminants in Ixodes ricinus-infested areas in northern Europe. In recent years, the bacterium has been found associated with Ixodes-tick species more or less worldwide on the no...

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Autores principales: Stuen, Snorre, Granquist, Erik G., Silaghi, Cornelia
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2013
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3717505/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23885337
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2013.00031
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author Stuen, Snorre
Granquist, Erik G.
Silaghi, Cornelia
author_facet Stuen, Snorre
Granquist, Erik G.
Silaghi, Cornelia
author_sort Stuen, Snorre
collection PubMed
description The bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum has for decades been known to cause the disease tick-borne fever (TBF) in domestic ruminants in Ixodes ricinus-infested areas in northern Europe. In recent years, the bacterium has been found associated with Ixodes-tick species more or less worldwide on the northern hemisphere. A. phagocytophilum has a broad host range and may cause severe disease in several mammalian species, including humans. However, the clinical symptoms vary from subclinical to fatal conditions, and considerable underreporting of clinical incidents is suspected in both human and veterinary medicine. Several variants of A. phagocytophilum have been genetically characterized. Identification and stratification into phylogenetic subfamilies has been based on cell culturing, experimental infections, PCR, and sequencing techniques. However, few genome sequences have been completed so far, thus observations on biological, ecological, and pathological differences between genotypes of the bacterium, have yet to be elucidated by molecular and experimental infection studies. The natural transmission cycles of various A. phagocytophilum variants, the involvement of their respective hosts and vectors involved, in particular the zoonotic potential, have to be unraveled. A. phagocytophilum is able to persist between seasons of tick activity in several mammalian species and movement of hosts and infected ticks on migrating animals or birds may spread the bacterium. In the present review, we focus on the ecology and epidemiology of A. phagocytophilum, especially the role of wildlife in contribution to the spread and sustainability of the infection in domestic livestock and humans.
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spelling pubmed-37175052013-07-24 Anaplasma phagocytophilum—a widespread multi-host pathogen with highly adaptive strategies Stuen, Snorre Granquist, Erik G. Silaghi, Cornelia Front Cell Infect Microbiol Microbiology The bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum has for decades been known to cause the disease tick-borne fever (TBF) in domestic ruminants in Ixodes ricinus-infested areas in northern Europe. In recent years, the bacterium has been found associated with Ixodes-tick species more or less worldwide on the northern hemisphere. A. phagocytophilum has a broad host range and may cause severe disease in several mammalian species, including humans. However, the clinical symptoms vary from subclinical to fatal conditions, and considerable underreporting of clinical incidents is suspected in both human and veterinary medicine. Several variants of A. phagocytophilum have been genetically characterized. Identification and stratification into phylogenetic subfamilies has been based on cell culturing, experimental infections, PCR, and sequencing techniques. However, few genome sequences have been completed so far, thus observations on biological, ecological, and pathological differences between genotypes of the bacterium, have yet to be elucidated by molecular and experimental infection studies. The natural transmission cycles of various A. phagocytophilum variants, the involvement of their respective hosts and vectors involved, in particular the zoonotic potential, have to be unraveled. A. phagocytophilum is able to persist between seasons of tick activity in several mammalian species and movement of hosts and infected ticks on migrating animals or birds may spread the bacterium. In the present review, we focus on the ecology and epidemiology of A. phagocytophilum, especially the role of wildlife in contribution to the spread and sustainability of the infection in domestic livestock and humans. Frontiers Media S.A. 2013-07-22 /pmc/articles/PMC3717505/ /pubmed/23885337 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2013.00031 Text en Copyright © 2013 Stuen, Granquist and Silaghi. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in other forums, provided the original authors and source are credited and subject to any copyright notices concerning any third-party graphics etc.
spellingShingle Microbiology
Stuen, Snorre
Granquist, Erik G.
Silaghi, Cornelia
Anaplasma phagocytophilum—a widespread multi-host pathogen with highly adaptive strategies
title Anaplasma phagocytophilum—a widespread multi-host pathogen with highly adaptive strategies
title_full Anaplasma phagocytophilum—a widespread multi-host pathogen with highly adaptive strategies
title_fullStr Anaplasma phagocytophilum—a widespread multi-host pathogen with highly adaptive strategies
title_full_unstemmed Anaplasma phagocytophilum—a widespread multi-host pathogen with highly adaptive strategies
title_short Anaplasma phagocytophilum—a widespread multi-host pathogen with highly adaptive strategies
title_sort anaplasma phagocytophilum—a widespread multi-host pathogen with highly adaptive strategies
topic Microbiology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3717505/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23885337
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2013.00031
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