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Currencies of Mutualisms: Sources of Alkaloid Genes in Vertically Transmitted Epichloae
The epichloae (Epichloë and Neotyphodium species), a monophyletic group of fungi in the family Clavicipitaceae, are systemic symbionts of cool-season grasses (Poaceae subfamily Poöideae). Most epichloae are vertically transmitted in seeds (endophytes), and most produce alkaloids that attack nervous...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2013
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3717770/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23744053 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins5061064 |
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author | Schardl, Christopher L. Young, Carolyn A. Pan, Juan Florea, Simona Takach, Johanna E. Panaccione, Daniel G. Farman, Mark L. Webb, Jennifer S. Jaromczyk, Jolanta Charlton, Nikki D. Nagabhyru, Padmaja Chen, Li Shi, Chong Leuchtmann, Adrian |
author_facet | Schardl, Christopher L. Young, Carolyn A. Pan, Juan Florea, Simona Takach, Johanna E. Panaccione, Daniel G. Farman, Mark L. Webb, Jennifer S. Jaromczyk, Jolanta Charlton, Nikki D. Nagabhyru, Padmaja Chen, Li Shi, Chong Leuchtmann, Adrian |
author_sort | Schardl, Christopher L. |
collection | PubMed |
description | The epichloae (Epichloë and Neotyphodium species), a monophyletic group of fungi in the family Clavicipitaceae, are systemic symbionts of cool-season grasses (Poaceae subfamily Poöideae). Most epichloae are vertically transmitted in seeds (endophytes), and most produce alkaloids that attack nervous systems of potential herbivores. These protective metabolites include ergot alkaloids and indole-diterpenes (tremorgens), which are active in vertebrate systems, and lolines and peramine, which are more specific against invertebrates. Several Epichloë species have been described which are sexual and capable of horizontal transmission, and most are vertically transmissible also. Asexual epichloae are mainly or exclusively vertically transmitted, and many are interspecific hybrids with genomic contributions from two or three ancestral Epichloë species. Here we employ genome-scale analyses to investigate the origins of biosynthesis gene clusters for ergot alkaloids (EAS), indole-diterpenes (IDT), and lolines (LOL) in 12 hybrid species. In each hybrid, the alkaloid-gene and housekeeping-gene relationships were congruent. Interestingly, hybrids frequently had alkaloid clusters that were rare in their sexual ancestors. Also, in those hybrids that had multiple EAS, IDT or LOL clusters, one cluster lacked some genes, usually for late pathway steps. Possible implications of these findings for the alkaloid profiles and endophyte ecology are discussed. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-3717770 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2013 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-37177702013-07-22 Currencies of Mutualisms: Sources of Alkaloid Genes in Vertically Transmitted Epichloae Schardl, Christopher L. Young, Carolyn A. Pan, Juan Florea, Simona Takach, Johanna E. Panaccione, Daniel G. Farman, Mark L. Webb, Jennifer S. Jaromczyk, Jolanta Charlton, Nikki D. Nagabhyru, Padmaja Chen, Li Shi, Chong Leuchtmann, Adrian Toxins (Basel) Article The epichloae (Epichloë and Neotyphodium species), a monophyletic group of fungi in the family Clavicipitaceae, are systemic symbionts of cool-season grasses (Poaceae subfamily Poöideae). Most epichloae are vertically transmitted in seeds (endophytes), and most produce alkaloids that attack nervous systems of potential herbivores. These protective metabolites include ergot alkaloids and indole-diterpenes (tremorgens), which are active in vertebrate systems, and lolines and peramine, which are more specific against invertebrates. Several Epichloë species have been described which are sexual and capable of horizontal transmission, and most are vertically transmissible also. Asexual epichloae are mainly or exclusively vertically transmitted, and many are interspecific hybrids with genomic contributions from two or three ancestral Epichloë species. Here we employ genome-scale analyses to investigate the origins of biosynthesis gene clusters for ergot alkaloids (EAS), indole-diterpenes (IDT), and lolines (LOL) in 12 hybrid species. In each hybrid, the alkaloid-gene and housekeeping-gene relationships were congruent. Interestingly, hybrids frequently had alkaloid clusters that were rare in their sexual ancestors. Also, in those hybrids that had multiple EAS, IDT or LOL clusters, one cluster lacked some genes, usually for late pathway steps. Possible implications of these findings for the alkaloid profiles and endophyte ecology are discussed. MDPI 2013-06-06 /pmc/articles/PMC3717770/ /pubmed/23744053 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins5061064 Text en © 2013 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Schardl, Christopher L. Young, Carolyn A. Pan, Juan Florea, Simona Takach, Johanna E. Panaccione, Daniel G. Farman, Mark L. Webb, Jennifer S. Jaromczyk, Jolanta Charlton, Nikki D. Nagabhyru, Padmaja Chen, Li Shi, Chong Leuchtmann, Adrian Currencies of Mutualisms: Sources of Alkaloid Genes in Vertically Transmitted Epichloae |
title | Currencies of Mutualisms: Sources of Alkaloid Genes in Vertically Transmitted Epichloae |
title_full | Currencies of Mutualisms: Sources of Alkaloid Genes in Vertically Transmitted Epichloae |
title_fullStr | Currencies of Mutualisms: Sources of Alkaloid Genes in Vertically Transmitted Epichloae |
title_full_unstemmed | Currencies of Mutualisms: Sources of Alkaloid Genes in Vertically Transmitted Epichloae |
title_short | Currencies of Mutualisms: Sources of Alkaloid Genes in Vertically Transmitted Epichloae |
title_sort | currencies of mutualisms: sources of alkaloid genes in vertically transmitted epichloae |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3717770/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23744053 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins5061064 |
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