Management of ischaemic stroke in the acute setting: review of the current status

ABSTRACT: Acute ischaemic stroke can be treated by clot busting and clot removal. Thrombolysis using intravenous recombinant-tissue plasminogen activator (IV r-TPA) is the current gold standard for the treatment of acute ischaemic stroke (AIS). The main failure of this type of treatment is the short time interval from stroke onset within which it has to be used for any benefit. The evidence is that IV r-TPA has to be used within 4.5 hours. Other modalities of treatment are not as effective and need more scrutiny and examination. The available modalities are intra-arterial thrombolysis and clot-retrieval devices. Not unexpectedly, recanalisation treatments have flourished at a rapid rate. Although vessel recanalisation is vital to increasing the possibility of significant tissue reperfusion, clinical trials need to emphasise functional outcomes rather than reperfusion/recanalisation rates to adequately assess success of these devices/techniques. Our view is that until these treatments become proven in large-scale studies, a greater endeavour should be made in resource-limited settings to expand facilities to enable intravenous r-tPA treatment within the 4.5-hour period following onset of stroke. The resources required are small with the main costs being a CT scan of the brain and the cost of r-tPA. This can easily be done in any emergency facility in any part of the world. What is needed is public awareness, and campaigns of ‘stroke attack’ should be revisited, especially in the resource-limited context. This approach at present will halt to some extent the stroke pandemic that we are facing.