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Hydroquinone: Environmental Pollution, Toxicity, and Microbial Answers

Hydroquinone is a major benzene metabolite, which is a well-known haematotoxic and carcinogenic agent associated with malignancy in occupational environments. Human exposure to hydroquinone can occur by dietary, occupational, and environmental sources. In the environment, hydroquinone showed increas...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Enguita, Francisco J., Leitão, Ana Lúcia
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2013
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3727088/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23936816
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/542168
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author Enguita, Francisco J.
Leitão, Ana Lúcia
author_facet Enguita, Francisco J.
Leitão, Ana Lúcia
author_sort Enguita, Francisco J.
collection PubMed
description Hydroquinone is a major benzene metabolite, which is a well-known haematotoxic and carcinogenic agent associated with malignancy in occupational environments. Human exposure to hydroquinone can occur by dietary, occupational, and environmental sources. In the environment, hydroquinone showed increased toxicity for aquatic organisms, being less harmful for bacteria and fungi. Recent pieces of evidence showed that hydroquinone is able to enhance carcinogenic risk by generating DNA damage and also to compromise the general immune responses which may contribute to the impaired triggering of the host immune reaction. Hydroquinone bioremediation from natural and contaminated sources can be achieved by the use of a diverse group of microorganisms, ranging from bacteria to fungi, which harbor very complex enzymatic systems able to metabolize hydroquinone either under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Due to the recent research development on hydroquinone, this review underscores not only the mechanisms of hydroquinone biotransformation and the role of microorganisms and their enzymes in this process, but also its toxicity.
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spelling pubmed-37270882013-08-09 Hydroquinone: Environmental Pollution, Toxicity, and Microbial Answers Enguita, Francisco J. Leitão, Ana Lúcia Biomed Res Int Review Article Hydroquinone is a major benzene metabolite, which is a well-known haematotoxic and carcinogenic agent associated with malignancy in occupational environments. Human exposure to hydroquinone can occur by dietary, occupational, and environmental sources. In the environment, hydroquinone showed increased toxicity for aquatic organisms, being less harmful for bacteria and fungi. Recent pieces of evidence showed that hydroquinone is able to enhance carcinogenic risk by generating DNA damage and also to compromise the general immune responses which may contribute to the impaired triggering of the host immune reaction. Hydroquinone bioremediation from natural and contaminated sources can be achieved by the use of a diverse group of microorganisms, ranging from bacteria to fungi, which harbor very complex enzymatic systems able to metabolize hydroquinone either under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Due to the recent research development on hydroquinone, this review underscores not only the mechanisms of hydroquinone biotransformation and the role of microorganisms and their enzymes in this process, but also its toxicity. Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2013 2013-07-15 /pmc/articles/PMC3727088/ /pubmed/23936816 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/542168 Text en Copyright © 2013 F. J. Enguita and A. L. Leitão. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
spellingShingle Review Article
Enguita, Francisco J.
Leitão, Ana Lúcia
Hydroquinone: Environmental Pollution, Toxicity, and Microbial Answers
title Hydroquinone: Environmental Pollution, Toxicity, and Microbial Answers
title_full Hydroquinone: Environmental Pollution, Toxicity, and Microbial Answers
title_fullStr Hydroquinone: Environmental Pollution, Toxicity, and Microbial Answers
title_full_unstemmed Hydroquinone: Environmental Pollution, Toxicity, and Microbial Answers
title_short Hydroquinone: Environmental Pollution, Toxicity, and Microbial Answers
title_sort hydroquinone: environmental pollution, toxicity, and microbial answers
topic Review Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3727088/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23936816
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/542168
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