Cancer-associated thrombosis: clinical presentation and survival

BACKGROUND: Thromboembolic events are important causes of morbidity and mortality in cancer patients. Clinical presentation in a community-based setting has not been fully clarified. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence, risk factors, role of thrombophilia, and subsequent survival following thrombosis in cancer patients. METHODS: A retrospective review was undertaken of clinical data for all consecutive patients with histologically confirmed cancer seen by the author at a regional cancer center, with emphasis on cancer-related thrombosis. RESULTS: Between 2005 and 2012, of 1874 cancer patients, 307 (16.4%) developed thrombosis during their lifetime. Of these patients, 37 (2%) had a history of thrombosis, while the remaining 270 (14.4%) patients developed thrombosis 3 months before or any time after diagnosis of cancer, which was considered to be cancer-related. These patients included 230 (12.3%) with venous thrombosis, 28 (1.5%) cases with arterial occlusion, and 12 (0.6%) with combined venous and arterial thrombosis. Patients of Caucasian ancestry were more prone to develop thrombosis, with a higher frequency of multiple genetic thrombophilia compared with other ethnic groups. In regression analysis, only advanced stages of cancer and the presence of atherosclerosis were predictive of thrombosis. There were no significant differences between venous and arterial thrombosis. The worst survival was noted in patients who developed thrombosis 3 months prior to or shortly after their diagnosis of cancer. There has been a recent improved survival outcome following therapy. CONCLUSION: In addition to venous thrombosis, arterial occlusion with stroke and anginal symptoms is relatively common among cancer patients, especially those of Caucasian ancestry, and is possibly related to genetic predisposition.