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Cryptococcus gattii in the United States: Genotypic Diversity of Human and Veterinary Isolates
BACKGROUND: Cryptococcus gattii infections are being reported in the United States (US) with increasing frequency. Initially, US reports were primarily associated with an ongoing C . gattii outbreak in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) states of Washington and Oregon, starting in 2004. However, reports of...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Public Library of Science
2013
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3760847/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24019979 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0074737 |
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author | Lockhart, Shawn R. Iqbal, Naureen Harris, Julie R. Grossman, Nina T. DeBess, Emilio Wohrle, Ron Marsden-Haug, Nicola Vugia, Duc J. |
author_facet | Lockhart, Shawn R. Iqbal, Naureen Harris, Julie R. Grossman, Nina T. DeBess, Emilio Wohrle, Ron Marsden-Haug, Nicola Vugia, Duc J. |
author_sort | Lockhart, Shawn R. |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Cryptococcus gattii infections are being reported in the United States (US) with increasing frequency. Initially, US reports were primarily associated with an ongoing C . gattii outbreak in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) states of Washington and Oregon, starting in 2004. However, reports of C . gattii infections in patients from other US states have been increasing since 2009. Whether this is due to increasing frequency of disease, greater recognition within the clinical community, or both is currently unknown. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: During 2005–2013, a total of 273 C . gattii isolates from human and veterinary sources in 16 US states were collected. Of these, 214 (78%) were from the Pacific Northwest (PNW) and comprised primarily the clonal C . gattii genotypes VGIIa (64%), VGIIc (21%) and VGIIb (9%). The 59 isolates from outside the PNW were predominantly molecular types VGIII (44%) and VGI (41%). Genotyping using multilocus sequence typing revealed small clusters, including a cluster of VGI isolates from the southeastern US, and an unrelated cluster of VGI isolates and a large cluster of VGIII isolates from California. Most of the isolates were mating type MATα, including all of the VGII isolates, but one VGI and three VGIII isolates were mating type MATa . CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: We provide the most comprehensive report to date of genotypic diversity of US C . gattii isolates both inside and outside of the PNW. C . gattii may have multiple endemic regions in the US, including a previously-unrecognized endemic region in the southeast. Regional clusters exist both in California and the Southeastern US. VGII strains associated with the PNW outbreak do not appear to have spread substantially beyond the PNW. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-3760847 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2013 |
publisher | Public Library of Science |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-37608472013-09-09 Cryptococcus gattii in the United States: Genotypic Diversity of Human and Veterinary Isolates Lockhart, Shawn R. Iqbal, Naureen Harris, Julie R. Grossman, Nina T. DeBess, Emilio Wohrle, Ron Marsden-Haug, Nicola Vugia, Duc J. PLoS One Research Article BACKGROUND: Cryptococcus gattii infections are being reported in the United States (US) with increasing frequency. Initially, US reports were primarily associated with an ongoing C . gattii outbreak in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) states of Washington and Oregon, starting in 2004. However, reports of C . gattii infections in patients from other US states have been increasing since 2009. Whether this is due to increasing frequency of disease, greater recognition within the clinical community, or both is currently unknown. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: During 2005–2013, a total of 273 C . gattii isolates from human and veterinary sources in 16 US states were collected. Of these, 214 (78%) were from the Pacific Northwest (PNW) and comprised primarily the clonal C . gattii genotypes VGIIa (64%), VGIIc (21%) and VGIIb (9%). The 59 isolates from outside the PNW were predominantly molecular types VGIII (44%) and VGI (41%). Genotyping using multilocus sequence typing revealed small clusters, including a cluster of VGI isolates from the southeastern US, and an unrelated cluster of VGI isolates and a large cluster of VGIII isolates from California. Most of the isolates were mating type MATα, including all of the VGII isolates, but one VGI and three VGIII isolates were mating type MATa . CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: We provide the most comprehensive report to date of genotypic diversity of US C . gattii isolates both inside and outside of the PNW. C . gattii may have multiple endemic regions in the US, including a previously-unrecognized endemic region in the southeast. Regional clusters exist both in California and the Southeastern US. VGII strains associated with the PNW outbreak do not appear to have spread substantially beyond the PNW. Public Library of Science 2013-09-03 /pmc/articles/PMC3760847/ /pubmed/24019979 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0074737 Text en https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Public Domain declaration, which stipulates that, once placed in the public domain, this work may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Lockhart, Shawn R. Iqbal, Naureen Harris, Julie R. Grossman, Nina T. DeBess, Emilio Wohrle, Ron Marsden-Haug, Nicola Vugia, Duc J. Cryptococcus gattii in the United States: Genotypic Diversity of Human and Veterinary Isolates |
title |
Cryptococcus
gattii in the United States: Genotypic Diversity of Human and Veterinary Isolates |
title_full |
Cryptococcus
gattii in the United States: Genotypic Diversity of Human and Veterinary Isolates |
title_fullStr |
Cryptococcus
gattii in the United States: Genotypic Diversity of Human and Veterinary Isolates |
title_full_unstemmed |
Cryptococcus
gattii in the United States: Genotypic Diversity of Human and Veterinary Isolates |
title_short |
Cryptococcus
gattii in the United States: Genotypic Diversity of Human and Veterinary Isolates |
title_sort | cryptococcus
gattii in the united states: genotypic diversity of human and veterinary isolates |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3760847/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24019979 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0074737 |
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