EndoS(2) is a unique and conserved enzyme of serotype M49 group A Streptococcus that hydrolyses N-linked glycans on IgG and α(1)-acid glycoprotein

Many bacteria have evolved ways to interact with glycosylation functions of the immune system of their hosts. Streptococcus pyogenes [GAS (group A Streptococcus)] secretes the enzyme EndoS that cleaves glycans on human IgG and impairs the effector functions of the antibody. The ndoS gene, encoding EndoS, has, until now, been thought to be conserved throughout the serotypes. However, in the present study, we identify EndoS(2), an endoglycosidase in serotype M49 GAS strains. We characterized EndoS(2) and the corresponding ndoS2 gene using sequencing, bioinformatics, phylogenetic analysis, recombinant expression and LC–MS analysis of glycosidic activity. This revealed that EndoS(2) is present exclusively, and highly conserved, in serotype M49 of GAS and is only 37% identical with EndoS. EndoS(2) showed endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity on all N-linked glycans of IgG and on biantennary and sialylated glycans of AGP (α(1)-acid glycoprotein). The enzyme was found to act only on native IgG and AGP and to be specific for free biantennary glycans with or without terminal sialylation. GAS M49 expression of EndoS(2) was monitored in relation to carbohydrates present in the culture medium and was linked to the presence of sucrose. We conclude that EndoS(2) is a unique endoglycosidase in serotype M49 and differs from EndoS of other GAS strains by targeting both IgG and AGP. EndoS(2) expands the repertoire of GAS effectors that modify key glycosylated molecules of host defence.