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Toll-like receptor 3 in viral pathogenesis: friend or foe?

Viral infections frequently induce acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, yet the contribution of the innate immune response to a detrimental host response remains poorly understood. In virus-infected cells, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is generated as an intermediate during viral replication. Cell...

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Autores principales: Perales-Linares, Renzo, Navas-Martin, Sonia
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Blackwell Science Inc 2013
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3784162/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23909285
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imm.12143
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author Perales-Linares, Renzo
Navas-Martin, Sonia
author_facet Perales-Linares, Renzo
Navas-Martin, Sonia
author_sort Perales-Linares, Renzo
collection PubMed
description Viral infections frequently induce acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, yet the contribution of the innate immune response to a detrimental host response remains poorly understood. In virus-infected cells, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is generated as an intermediate during viral replication. Cell necrosis (and the release of endogenous dsRNA) is a common event during both sterile and infectious inflammatory processes. The discovery of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) as an interferon-inducing dsRNA sensor led to the assumption that TLR3 was the master sentinel against viral infections. This simplistic view has been challenged by the discovery of at least three members of the DExd/H-box helicase cytosolic sensors of dsRNA that share with TLR3 the Toll–interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) -adapter molecule TIR domain-containing adaptor protein interferon-β (TRIF) for downstream type I interferon signalling. Data are conflicting on the role of TLR3 in protective immunity against viruses in the mouse model. Varying susceptibility to infection and disease outcomes have been reported in TLR3-immunodeficient mice. Surprisingly, the susceptibility to develop herpes simplex virus-1 encephalitis in humans with inborn defects of the TLR3 pathway varies, and TLR3-deficient humans do not show increased susceptibility to other viral infections. Therefore, a current challenge is to understand the protective versus pathogenic contribution of TLR3 in viral infections. We review recent advances in the identification of TLR3-signalling pathways, endogenous and virus-induced negative regulators of the TLR3 cascade, and discuss the protective versus pathogenic role of TLR3 in viral pathogenesis.
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spelling pubmed-37841622014-10-01 Toll-like receptor 3 in viral pathogenesis: friend or foe? Perales-Linares, Renzo Navas-Martin, Sonia Immunology Review Articles Viral infections frequently induce acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, yet the contribution of the innate immune response to a detrimental host response remains poorly understood. In virus-infected cells, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is generated as an intermediate during viral replication. Cell necrosis (and the release of endogenous dsRNA) is a common event during both sterile and infectious inflammatory processes. The discovery of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) as an interferon-inducing dsRNA sensor led to the assumption that TLR3 was the master sentinel against viral infections. This simplistic view has been challenged by the discovery of at least three members of the DExd/H-box helicase cytosolic sensors of dsRNA that share with TLR3 the Toll–interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) -adapter molecule TIR domain-containing adaptor protein interferon-β (TRIF) for downstream type I interferon signalling. Data are conflicting on the role of TLR3 in protective immunity against viruses in the mouse model. Varying susceptibility to infection and disease outcomes have been reported in TLR3-immunodeficient mice. Surprisingly, the susceptibility to develop herpes simplex virus-1 encephalitis in humans with inborn defects of the TLR3 pathway varies, and TLR3-deficient humans do not show increased susceptibility to other viral infections. Therefore, a current challenge is to understand the protective versus pathogenic contribution of TLR3 in viral infections. We review recent advances in the identification of TLR3-signalling pathways, endogenous and virus-induced negative regulators of the TLR3 cascade, and discuss the protective versus pathogenic role of TLR3 in viral pathogenesis. Blackwell Science Inc 2013-10 2013-09-12 /pmc/articles/PMC3784162/ /pubmed/23909285 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imm.12143 Text en Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
spellingShingle Review Articles
Perales-Linares, Renzo
Navas-Martin, Sonia
Toll-like receptor 3 in viral pathogenesis: friend or foe?
title Toll-like receptor 3 in viral pathogenesis: friend or foe?
title_full Toll-like receptor 3 in viral pathogenesis: friend or foe?
title_fullStr Toll-like receptor 3 in viral pathogenesis: friend or foe?
title_full_unstemmed Toll-like receptor 3 in viral pathogenesis: friend or foe?
title_short Toll-like receptor 3 in viral pathogenesis: friend or foe?
title_sort toll-like receptor 3 in viral pathogenesis: friend or foe?
topic Review Articles
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3784162/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23909285
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imm.12143
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