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Cognitive debiasing 1: origins of bias and theory of debiasing
Numerous studies have shown that diagnostic failure depends upon a variety of factors. Psychological factors are fundamental in influencing the cognitive performance of the decision maker. In this first of two papers, we discuss the basics of reasoning and the Dual Process Theory (DPT) of decision m...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
BMJ Publishing Group
2013
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3786658/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23882089 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs-2012-001712 |
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author | Croskerry, Pat Singhal, Geeta Mamede, Sílvia |
author_facet | Croskerry, Pat Singhal, Geeta Mamede, Sílvia |
author_sort | Croskerry, Pat |
collection | PubMed |
description | Numerous studies have shown that diagnostic failure depends upon a variety of factors. Psychological factors are fundamental in influencing the cognitive performance of the decision maker. In this first of two papers, we discuss the basics of reasoning and the Dual Process Theory (DPT) of decision making. The general properties of the DPT model, as it applies to diagnostic reasoning, are reviewed. A variety of cognitive and affective biases are known to compromise the decision-making process. They mostly appear to originate in the fast intuitive processes of Type 1 that dominate (or drive) decision making. Type 1 processes work well most of the time but they may open the door for biases. Removing or at least mitigating these biases would appear to be an important goal. We will also review the origins of biases. The consensus is that there are two major sources: innate, hard-wired biases that developed in our evolutionary past, and acquired biases established in the course of development and within our working environments. Both are associated with abbreviated decision making in the form of heuristics. Other work suggests that ambient and contextual factors may create high risk situations that dispose decision makers to particular biases. Fatigue, sleep deprivation and cognitive overload appear to be important determinants. The theoretical basis of several approaches towards debiasing is then discussed. All share a common feature that involves a deliberate decoupling from Type 1 intuitive processing and moving to Type 2 analytical processing so that eventually unexamined intuitive judgments can be submitted to verification. This decoupling step appears to be the critical feature of cognitive and affective debiasing. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-3786658 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2013 |
publisher | BMJ Publishing Group |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-37866582013-10-01 Cognitive debiasing 1: origins of bias and theory of debiasing Croskerry, Pat Singhal, Geeta Mamede, Sílvia BMJ Qual Saf Narrative Review Numerous studies have shown that diagnostic failure depends upon a variety of factors. Psychological factors are fundamental in influencing the cognitive performance of the decision maker. In this first of two papers, we discuss the basics of reasoning and the Dual Process Theory (DPT) of decision making. The general properties of the DPT model, as it applies to diagnostic reasoning, are reviewed. A variety of cognitive and affective biases are known to compromise the decision-making process. They mostly appear to originate in the fast intuitive processes of Type 1 that dominate (or drive) decision making. Type 1 processes work well most of the time but they may open the door for biases. Removing or at least mitigating these biases would appear to be an important goal. We will also review the origins of biases. The consensus is that there are two major sources: innate, hard-wired biases that developed in our evolutionary past, and acquired biases established in the course of development and within our working environments. Both are associated with abbreviated decision making in the form of heuristics. Other work suggests that ambient and contextual factors may create high risk situations that dispose decision makers to particular biases. Fatigue, sleep deprivation and cognitive overload appear to be important determinants. The theoretical basis of several approaches towards debiasing is then discussed. All share a common feature that involves a deliberate decoupling from Type 1 intuitive processing and moving to Type 2 analytical processing so that eventually unexamined intuitive judgments can be submitted to verification. This decoupling step appears to be the critical feature of cognitive and affective debiasing. BMJ Publishing Group 2013-10 2013-07-23 /pmc/articles/PMC3786658/ /pubmed/23882089 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs-2012-001712 Text en Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions this is an open access article distributed in accordance with the creative commons attribution non commercial (cc by-nc 3.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. see: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ |
spellingShingle | Narrative Review Croskerry, Pat Singhal, Geeta Mamede, Sílvia Cognitive debiasing 1: origins of bias and theory of debiasing |
title | Cognitive debiasing 1: origins of bias and theory of debiasing |
title_full | Cognitive debiasing 1: origins of bias and theory of debiasing |
title_fullStr | Cognitive debiasing 1: origins of bias and theory of debiasing |
title_full_unstemmed | Cognitive debiasing 1: origins of bias and theory of debiasing |
title_short | Cognitive debiasing 1: origins of bias and theory of debiasing |
title_sort | cognitive debiasing 1: origins of bias and theory of debiasing |
topic | Narrative Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3786658/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23882089 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs-2012-001712 |
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