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Initial Immunopathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis: Innate Immune Response

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating, and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system. The hallmark to MS is the demyelinated plaque, which consists of a well-demarcated hypocellular area characterized by the loss of myelin, the formation of astrocytic scars, and the...

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Autores principales: Hernández-Pedro, Norma Y., Espinosa-Ramirez, Guillermo, de la Cruz, Verónica Pérez, Pineda, Benjamín, Sotelo, Julio
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2013
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3794540/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24174969
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/413465
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author Hernández-Pedro, Norma Y.
Espinosa-Ramirez, Guillermo
de la Cruz, Verónica Pérez
Pineda, Benjamín
Sotelo, Julio
author_facet Hernández-Pedro, Norma Y.
Espinosa-Ramirez, Guillermo
de la Cruz, Verónica Pérez
Pineda, Benjamín
Sotelo, Julio
author_sort Hernández-Pedro, Norma Y.
collection PubMed
description Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating, and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system. The hallmark to MS is the demyelinated plaque, which consists of a well-demarcated hypocellular area characterized by the loss of myelin, the formation of astrocytic scars, and the mononuclear cell infiltrates concentrated in perivascular spaces composed of T cells, B lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages. Activation of resident cells initiates an inflammatory cascade, leading to tissue destruction, demyelination, and neurological deficit. The immunological phenomena that lead to the activation of autoreactive T cells to myelin sheath components are the result of multiple and complex interactions between environment and genetic background conferring individual susceptibility. Within the CNS, an increase of TLR expression during MS is observed, even in the absence of any apparent microbial involvement. In the present review, we focus on the role of the innate immune system, the first line of defense of the organism, as promoter and mediator of cross reactions that generate molecular mimicry triggering the inflammatory response through an adaptive cytotoxic response in MS.
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spelling pubmed-37945402013-10-30 Initial Immunopathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis: Innate Immune Response Hernández-Pedro, Norma Y. Espinosa-Ramirez, Guillermo de la Cruz, Verónica Pérez Pineda, Benjamín Sotelo, Julio Clin Dev Immunol Review Article Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating, and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system. The hallmark to MS is the demyelinated plaque, which consists of a well-demarcated hypocellular area characterized by the loss of myelin, the formation of astrocytic scars, and the mononuclear cell infiltrates concentrated in perivascular spaces composed of T cells, B lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages. Activation of resident cells initiates an inflammatory cascade, leading to tissue destruction, demyelination, and neurological deficit. The immunological phenomena that lead to the activation of autoreactive T cells to myelin sheath components are the result of multiple and complex interactions between environment and genetic background conferring individual susceptibility. Within the CNS, an increase of TLR expression during MS is observed, even in the absence of any apparent microbial involvement. In the present review, we focus on the role of the innate immune system, the first line of defense of the organism, as promoter and mediator of cross reactions that generate molecular mimicry triggering the inflammatory response through an adaptive cytotoxic response in MS. Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2013 2013-09-24 /pmc/articles/PMC3794540/ /pubmed/24174969 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/413465 Text en Copyright © 2013 Norma Y. Hernández-Pedro et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
spellingShingle Review Article
Hernández-Pedro, Norma Y.
Espinosa-Ramirez, Guillermo
de la Cruz, Verónica Pérez
Pineda, Benjamín
Sotelo, Julio
Initial Immunopathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis: Innate Immune Response
title Initial Immunopathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis: Innate Immune Response
title_full Initial Immunopathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis: Innate Immune Response
title_fullStr Initial Immunopathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis: Innate Immune Response
title_full_unstemmed Initial Immunopathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis: Innate Immune Response
title_short Initial Immunopathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis: Innate Immune Response
title_sort initial immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis: innate immune response
topic Review Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3794540/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24174969
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/413465
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