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Initial Immunopathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis: Innate Immune Response
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating, and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system. The hallmark to MS is the demyelinated plaque, which consists of a well-demarcated hypocellular area characterized by the loss of myelin, the formation of astrocytic scars, and the...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
2013
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3794540/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24174969 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/413465 |
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author | Hernández-Pedro, Norma Y. Espinosa-Ramirez, Guillermo de la Cruz, Verónica Pérez Pineda, Benjamín Sotelo, Julio |
author_facet | Hernández-Pedro, Norma Y. Espinosa-Ramirez, Guillermo de la Cruz, Verónica Pérez Pineda, Benjamín Sotelo, Julio |
author_sort | Hernández-Pedro, Norma Y. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating, and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system. The hallmark to MS is the demyelinated plaque, which consists of a well-demarcated hypocellular area characterized by the loss of myelin, the formation of astrocytic scars, and the mononuclear cell infiltrates concentrated in perivascular spaces composed of T cells, B lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages. Activation of resident cells initiates an inflammatory cascade, leading to tissue destruction, demyelination, and neurological deficit. The immunological phenomena that lead to the activation of autoreactive T cells to myelin sheath components are the result of multiple and complex interactions between environment and genetic background conferring individual susceptibility. Within the CNS, an increase of TLR expression during MS is observed, even in the absence of any apparent microbial involvement. In the present review, we focus on the role of the innate immune system, the first line of defense of the organism, as promoter and mediator of cross reactions that generate molecular mimicry triggering the inflammatory response through an adaptive cytotoxic response in MS. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-3794540 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2013 |
publisher | Hindawi Publishing Corporation |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-37945402013-10-30 Initial Immunopathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis: Innate Immune Response Hernández-Pedro, Norma Y. Espinosa-Ramirez, Guillermo de la Cruz, Verónica Pérez Pineda, Benjamín Sotelo, Julio Clin Dev Immunol Review Article Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating, and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system. The hallmark to MS is the demyelinated plaque, which consists of a well-demarcated hypocellular area characterized by the loss of myelin, the formation of astrocytic scars, and the mononuclear cell infiltrates concentrated in perivascular spaces composed of T cells, B lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages. Activation of resident cells initiates an inflammatory cascade, leading to tissue destruction, demyelination, and neurological deficit. The immunological phenomena that lead to the activation of autoreactive T cells to myelin sheath components are the result of multiple and complex interactions between environment and genetic background conferring individual susceptibility. Within the CNS, an increase of TLR expression during MS is observed, even in the absence of any apparent microbial involvement. In the present review, we focus on the role of the innate immune system, the first line of defense of the organism, as promoter and mediator of cross reactions that generate molecular mimicry triggering the inflammatory response through an adaptive cytotoxic response in MS. Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2013 2013-09-24 /pmc/articles/PMC3794540/ /pubmed/24174969 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/413465 Text en Copyright © 2013 Norma Y. Hernández-Pedro et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Review Article Hernández-Pedro, Norma Y. Espinosa-Ramirez, Guillermo de la Cruz, Verónica Pérez Pineda, Benjamín Sotelo, Julio Initial Immunopathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis: Innate Immune Response |
title | Initial Immunopathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis: Innate Immune Response |
title_full | Initial Immunopathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis: Innate Immune Response |
title_fullStr | Initial Immunopathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis: Innate Immune Response |
title_full_unstemmed | Initial Immunopathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis: Innate Immune Response |
title_short | Initial Immunopathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis: Innate Immune Response |
title_sort | initial immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis: innate immune response |
topic | Review Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3794540/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24174969 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/413465 |
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