Surface proteomic analysis of osteosarcoma identifies EPHA2 as receptor for targeted drug delivery

BACKGROUND: Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common bone tumour in children and adolescents. Despite aggressive therapy regimens, treatment outcomes are unsatisfactory. Targeted delivery of drugs can provide higher effective doses at the site of the tumour, ultimately improving the efficacy of existing therapy. Identification of suitable receptors for drug targeting is an essential step in the design of targeted therapy for OS. METHODS: We conducted a comparative analysis of the surface proteome of human OS cells and osteoblasts using cell surface biotinylation combined with nano-liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry-based proteomics to identify surface proteins specifically upregulated on OS cells. This approach generated an extensive data set from which we selected a candidate to study for its suitability as receptor for targeted treatment delivery to OS. First, surface expression of the ephrin type-A receptor 2 (EPHA2) receptor was confirmed using FACS analysis. Ephrin type-A receptor 2 expression in human tumour tissue was tested using immunohistochemistry. Receptor targeting and internalisation studies were conducted to assess intracellular uptake of targeted modalities via EPHA2. Finally, tissue micro arrays containing cores of human OS tissue were stained using immunohistochemistry and EPHA2 staining was correlated to clinical outcome measures. RESULTS: Using mass spectrometry, a total of 2841 proteins were identified of which 156 were surface proteins significantly upregulated on OS cells compared with human primary osteoblasts. Ephrin type-A receptor 2 was highly upregulated and the most abundant surface protein on OS cells. In addition, EPHA2 was expressed in a vast majority of human OS samples. Ephrin type-A receptor 2 effectively mediates internalisation of targeted adenoviral vectors into OS cells. Patients with EPHA2-positive tumours showed a trend toward inferior overall survival. CONCLUSION: The results presented here suggest that the EPHA2 receptor can be considered an attractive candidate receptor for targeted delivery of therapeutics to OS.