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Determination of External Forces in Alpine Skiing Using a Differential Global Navigation Satellite System

In alpine ski racing the relationships between skier kinetics and kinematics and their effect on performance and injury-related aspects are not well understood. There is currently no validated system to determine all external forces simultaneously acting on skiers, particularly under race conditions...

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Autores principales: Gilgien, Matthias, Spörri, Jörg, Chardonnens, Julien, Kröll, Josef, Müller, Erich
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI) 2013
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3812581/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23917257
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s130809821
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author Gilgien, Matthias
Spörri, Jörg
Chardonnens, Julien
Kröll, Josef
Müller, Erich
author_facet Gilgien, Matthias
Spörri, Jörg
Chardonnens, Julien
Kröll, Josef
Müller, Erich
author_sort Gilgien, Matthias
collection PubMed
description In alpine ski racing the relationships between skier kinetics and kinematics and their effect on performance and injury-related aspects are not well understood. There is currently no validated system to determine all external forces simultaneously acting on skiers, particularly under race conditions and throughout entire races. To address the problem, this study proposes and assesses a method for determining skier kinetics with a single lightweight differential global navigation satellite system (dGNSS). The dGNSS kinetic method was compared to a reference system for six skiers and two turns each. The pattern differences obtained between the measurement systems (offset ± SD) were −26 ± 152 N for the ground reaction force, 1 ± 96 N for ski friction and −6 ± 6 N for the air drag force. The differences between turn means were small. The error pattern within the dGNSS kinetic method was highly repeatable and precision was therefore good (SD within system: 63 N ground reaction force, 42 N friction force and 7 N air drag force) allowing instantaneous relative comparisons and identification of discriminative meaningful changes. The method is therefore highly valid in assessing relative differences between skiers in the same turn, as well as turn means between different turns. The system is suitable to measure large capture volumes under race conditions.
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spelling pubmed-38125812013-10-30 Determination of External Forces in Alpine Skiing Using a Differential Global Navigation Satellite System Gilgien, Matthias Spörri, Jörg Chardonnens, Julien Kröll, Josef Müller, Erich Sensors (Basel) Article In alpine ski racing the relationships between skier kinetics and kinematics and their effect on performance and injury-related aspects are not well understood. There is currently no validated system to determine all external forces simultaneously acting on skiers, particularly under race conditions and throughout entire races. To address the problem, this study proposes and assesses a method for determining skier kinetics with a single lightweight differential global navigation satellite system (dGNSS). The dGNSS kinetic method was compared to a reference system for six skiers and two turns each. The pattern differences obtained between the measurement systems (offset ± SD) were −26 ± 152 N for the ground reaction force, 1 ± 96 N for ski friction and −6 ± 6 N for the air drag force. The differences between turn means were small. The error pattern within the dGNSS kinetic method was highly repeatable and precision was therefore good (SD within system: 63 N ground reaction force, 42 N friction force and 7 N air drag force) allowing instantaneous relative comparisons and identification of discriminative meaningful changes. The method is therefore highly valid in assessing relative differences between skiers in the same turn, as well as turn means between different turns. The system is suitable to measure large capture volumes under race conditions. Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI) 2013-08-02 /pmc/articles/PMC3812581/ /pubmed/23917257 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s130809821 Text en © 2013 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by/3.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Gilgien, Matthias
Spörri, Jörg
Chardonnens, Julien
Kröll, Josef
Müller, Erich
Determination of External Forces in Alpine Skiing Using a Differential Global Navigation Satellite System
title Determination of External Forces in Alpine Skiing Using a Differential Global Navigation Satellite System
title_full Determination of External Forces in Alpine Skiing Using a Differential Global Navigation Satellite System
title_fullStr Determination of External Forces in Alpine Skiing Using a Differential Global Navigation Satellite System
title_full_unstemmed Determination of External Forces in Alpine Skiing Using a Differential Global Navigation Satellite System
title_short Determination of External Forces in Alpine Skiing Using a Differential Global Navigation Satellite System
title_sort determination of external forces in alpine skiing using a differential global navigation satellite system
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3812581/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23917257
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s130809821
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