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Epigenetic Modifications and Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy remains one of the most debilitating chronic complications, but despite extensive research in the field, the exact mechanism(s) responsible for how retina is damaged in diabetes remains ambiguous. Many metabolic pathways have been implicated in its development, and genes associa...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Kowluru, Renu A., Santos, Julia M., Mishra, Manish
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2013
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3826295/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24286082
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/635284
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author Kowluru, Renu A.
Santos, Julia M.
Mishra, Manish
author_facet Kowluru, Renu A.
Santos, Julia M.
Mishra, Manish
author_sort Kowluru, Renu A.
collection PubMed
description Diabetic retinopathy remains one of the most debilitating chronic complications, but despite extensive research in the field, the exact mechanism(s) responsible for how retina is damaged in diabetes remains ambiguous. Many metabolic pathways have been implicated in its development, and genes associated with these pathways are altered. Diabetic environment also facilitates epigenetics modifications, which can alter the gene expression without permanent changes in DNA sequence. The role of epigenetics in diabetic retinopathy is now an emerging area, and recent work has shown that genes encoding mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (Sod2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) are epigenetically modified, activates of epigenetic modification enzymes, histone lysine demethylase 1 (LSD1), and DNA methyltransferase are increased, and the micro RNAs responsible for regulating nuclear transcriptional factor and VEGF are upregulated. With the growing evidence of epigenetic modifications in diabetic retinopathy, better understanding of these modifications has potential to identify novel targets to inhibit this devastating disease. Fortunately, the inhibitors and mimics targeted towards histone modification, DNA methylation, and miRNAs are now being tried for cancer and other chronic diseases, and better understanding of the role of epigenetics in diabetic retinopathy will open the door for their possible use in combating this blinding disease.
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spelling pubmed-38262952013-11-27 Epigenetic Modifications and Diabetic Retinopathy Kowluru, Renu A. Santos, Julia M. Mishra, Manish Biomed Res Int Review Article Diabetic retinopathy remains one of the most debilitating chronic complications, but despite extensive research in the field, the exact mechanism(s) responsible for how retina is damaged in diabetes remains ambiguous. Many metabolic pathways have been implicated in its development, and genes associated with these pathways are altered. Diabetic environment also facilitates epigenetics modifications, which can alter the gene expression without permanent changes in DNA sequence. The role of epigenetics in diabetic retinopathy is now an emerging area, and recent work has shown that genes encoding mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (Sod2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) are epigenetically modified, activates of epigenetic modification enzymes, histone lysine demethylase 1 (LSD1), and DNA methyltransferase are increased, and the micro RNAs responsible for regulating nuclear transcriptional factor and VEGF are upregulated. With the growing evidence of epigenetic modifications in diabetic retinopathy, better understanding of these modifications has potential to identify novel targets to inhibit this devastating disease. Fortunately, the inhibitors and mimics targeted towards histone modification, DNA methylation, and miRNAs are now being tried for cancer and other chronic diseases, and better understanding of the role of epigenetics in diabetic retinopathy will open the door for their possible use in combating this blinding disease. Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2013 2013-10-28 /pmc/articles/PMC3826295/ /pubmed/24286082 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/635284 Text en Copyright © 2013 Renu A. Kowluru et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
spellingShingle Review Article
Kowluru, Renu A.
Santos, Julia M.
Mishra, Manish
Epigenetic Modifications and Diabetic Retinopathy
title Epigenetic Modifications and Diabetic Retinopathy
title_full Epigenetic Modifications and Diabetic Retinopathy
title_fullStr Epigenetic Modifications and Diabetic Retinopathy
title_full_unstemmed Epigenetic Modifications and Diabetic Retinopathy
title_short Epigenetic Modifications and Diabetic Retinopathy
title_sort epigenetic modifications and diabetic retinopathy
topic Review Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3826295/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24286082
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/635284
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