Air Pollution Exposure and Lung Function in Children: The ESCAPE Project

Background: There is evidence for adverse effects of outdoor air pollution on lung function of children. Quantitative summaries of the effects of air pollution on lung function, however, are lacking due to large differences among studies. Objectives: We aimed to study the association between residential exposure to air pollution and lung function in five European birth cohorts with a standardized exposure assessment following a common protocol. Methods: As part of the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE) we analyzed data from birth cohort studies situated in Germany, Sweden, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom that measured lung function at 6–8 years of age (n = 5,921). Annual average exposure to air pollution [nitrogen oxides (NO(2), NO(x)), mass concentrations of particulate matter with diameters < 2.5, < 10, and 2.5–10 μm (PM(2.5), PM(10), and PM(coarse)), and PM(2.5) absorbance] at the birth address and current address was estimated by land-use regression models. Associations of lung function with estimated air pollution levels and traffic indicators were estimated for each cohort using linear regression analysis, and then combined by random effects meta-analysis. Results: Estimated levels of NO(2), NO(x), PM(2.5) absorbance, and PM(2.5) at the current address, but not at the birth address, were associated with small decreases in lung function. For example, changes in forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV(1)) ranged from –0.86% (95% CI: –1.48, –0.24%) for a 20-μg/m(3) increase in NO(x) to –1.77% (95% CI: –3.34, –0.18%) for a 5-μg/m(3) increase in PM(2.5). Conclusions: Exposure to air pollution may result in reduced lung function in schoolchildren. Citation: Gehring U, Gruzieva O, Agius RM, Beelen R, Custovic A, Cyrys J, Eeftens M, Flexeder C, Fuertes E, Heinrich J, Hoffmann B, de Jongste JC, Kerkhof M, Klümper C, Korek M, Mölter A, Schultz ES, Simpson A, Sugiri D, Svartengren M, von Berg A, Wijga AH, Pershagen G, Brunekreef B. 2013. Air pollution exposure and lung function in children: the ESCAPE project. Environ Health Perspect 121:1357–1364; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1306770