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The Epigenomics of Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) possess an open and highly dynamic chromatin landscape, which underlies their plasticity and ultimately maintains ESC pluripotency. The ESC epigenome must not only maintain the transcription of pluripotency-associated genes but must also, through gene priming, facilitate...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Ivyspring International Publisher
2013
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3858586/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24339734 http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.7998 |
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author | Kraushaar, Daniel C. Zhao, Keji |
author_facet | Kraushaar, Daniel C. Zhao, Keji |
author_sort | Kraushaar, Daniel C. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) possess an open and highly dynamic chromatin landscape, which underlies their plasticity and ultimately maintains ESC pluripotency. The ESC epigenome must not only maintain the transcription of pluripotency-associated genes but must also, through gene priming, facilitate rapid and cell type-specific activation of developmental genes upon lineage commitment. Trans-generational inheritance ensures that the ESC chromatin state is stably transmitted from one generation to the next; yet at the same time, epigenetic marks are highly dynamic, reversible and responsive to extracellular cues. Once committed to differentiation, the ESC epigenome is remodeled and resolves into a more compact chromatin state. A thorough understanding of the role of chromatin modifiers in ESC fate and differentiation will be important if they are to be used for therapeutic purposes. Recent technical advances, particularly in next-generation sequencing technologies, have provided a genome-scale view of epigenetic marks and chromatin modifiers. More affordable and faster sequencing platforms have led to a comprehensive characterization of the ESC epigenome and epigenomes of differentiated cell types. In this review, we summarize and discuss the recent progress that has highlighted the central role of histone modifications, histone variants, DNA methylation and chromatin modifiers in ESC pluripotency and ESC fate. We provide a detailed and comprehensive discussion of genome-wide studies that are pertinent to our understanding of mammalian development. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-3858586 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2013 |
publisher | Ivyspring International Publisher |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-38585862013-12-11 The Epigenomics of Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation Kraushaar, Daniel C. Zhao, Keji Int J Biol Sci Review Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) possess an open and highly dynamic chromatin landscape, which underlies their plasticity and ultimately maintains ESC pluripotency. The ESC epigenome must not only maintain the transcription of pluripotency-associated genes but must also, through gene priming, facilitate rapid and cell type-specific activation of developmental genes upon lineage commitment. Trans-generational inheritance ensures that the ESC chromatin state is stably transmitted from one generation to the next; yet at the same time, epigenetic marks are highly dynamic, reversible and responsive to extracellular cues. Once committed to differentiation, the ESC epigenome is remodeled and resolves into a more compact chromatin state. A thorough understanding of the role of chromatin modifiers in ESC fate and differentiation will be important if they are to be used for therapeutic purposes. Recent technical advances, particularly in next-generation sequencing technologies, have provided a genome-scale view of epigenetic marks and chromatin modifiers. More affordable and faster sequencing platforms have led to a comprehensive characterization of the ESC epigenome and epigenomes of differentiated cell types. In this review, we summarize and discuss the recent progress that has highlighted the central role of histone modifications, histone variants, DNA methylation and chromatin modifiers in ESC pluripotency and ESC fate. We provide a detailed and comprehensive discussion of genome-wide studies that are pertinent to our understanding of mammalian development. Ivyspring International Publisher 2013-12-09 /pmc/articles/PMC3858586/ /pubmed/24339734 http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.7998 Text en © Ivyspring International Publisher. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Reproduction is permitted for personal, noncommercial use, provided that the article is in whole, unmodified, and properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Review Kraushaar, Daniel C. Zhao, Keji The Epigenomics of Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation |
title | The Epigenomics of Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation |
title_full | The Epigenomics of Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation |
title_fullStr | The Epigenomics of Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation |
title_full_unstemmed | The Epigenomics of Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation |
title_short | The Epigenomics of Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation |
title_sort | epigenomics of embryonic stem cell differentiation |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3858586/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24339734 http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.7998 |
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