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Biomarkers in Japanese Encephalitis: A Review
JE is a flavivirus generated dreadful CNS disease which causes high mortality in various pediatric groups. JE disease is currently diagnosed by measuring the level of viral antigens and virus neutralization IgM antibodies in blood serum and CSF by ELISA. However, it is not possible to measure variou...
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Hindawi Publishing Corporation
2013
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3878288/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24455705 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/591290 |
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author | Kant Upadhyay, Ravi |
author_facet | Kant Upadhyay, Ravi |
author_sort | Kant Upadhyay, Ravi |
collection | PubMed |
description | JE is a flavivirus generated dreadful CNS disease which causes high mortality in various pediatric groups. JE disease is currently diagnosed by measuring the level of viral antigens and virus neutralization IgM antibodies in blood serum and CSF by ELISA. However, it is not possible to measure various disease-identifying molecules, structural and molecular changes occurred in tissues, and cells by using such routine methods. However, few important biomarkers such as cerebrospinal fluid, plasma, neuro-imaging, brain mapping, immunotyping, expression of nonstructural viral proteins, systematic mRNA profiling, DNA and protein microarrays, active caspase-3 activity, reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species, levels of stress-associated signaling molecules, and proinflammatory cytokines could be used to confirm the disease at an earlier stage. These biomarkers may also help to diagnose mutant based environment specific alterations in JEV genotypes causing high pathogenesis and have immense future applications in diagnostics. There is an utmost need for the development of new more authentic, appropriate, and reliable physiological, immunological, biochemical, biophysical, molecular, and therapeutic biomarkers to confirm the disease well in time to start the clinical aid to the patients. Hence, the present review aims to discuss new emerging biomarkers that could facilitate more authentic and fast diagnosis of JE disease and its related disorders in the future. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-3878288 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2013 |
publisher | Hindawi Publishing Corporation |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-38782882014-01-19 Biomarkers in Japanese Encephalitis: A Review Kant Upadhyay, Ravi Biomed Res Int Review Article JE is a flavivirus generated dreadful CNS disease which causes high mortality in various pediatric groups. JE disease is currently diagnosed by measuring the level of viral antigens and virus neutralization IgM antibodies in blood serum and CSF by ELISA. However, it is not possible to measure various disease-identifying molecules, structural and molecular changes occurred in tissues, and cells by using such routine methods. However, few important biomarkers such as cerebrospinal fluid, plasma, neuro-imaging, brain mapping, immunotyping, expression of nonstructural viral proteins, systematic mRNA profiling, DNA and protein microarrays, active caspase-3 activity, reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species, levels of stress-associated signaling molecules, and proinflammatory cytokines could be used to confirm the disease at an earlier stage. These biomarkers may also help to diagnose mutant based environment specific alterations in JEV genotypes causing high pathogenesis and have immense future applications in diagnostics. There is an utmost need for the development of new more authentic, appropriate, and reliable physiological, immunological, biochemical, biophysical, molecular, and therapeutic biomarkers to confirm the disease well in time to start the clinical aid to the patients. Hence, the present review aims to discuss new emerging biomarkers that could facilitate more authentic and fast diagnosis of JE disease and its related disorders in the future. Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2013 2013-12-18 /pmc/articles/PMC3878288/ /pubmed/24455705 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/591290 Text en Copyright © 2013 Ravi Kant Upadhyay. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Review Article Kant Upadhyay, Ravi Biomarkers in Japanese Encephalitis: A Review |
title | Biomarkers in Japanese Encephalitis: A Review |
title_full | Biomarkers in Japanese Encephalitis: A Review |
title_fullStr | Biomarkers in Japanese Encephalitis: A Review |
title_full_unstemmed | Biomarkers in Japanese Encephalitis: A Review |
title_short | Biomarkers in Japanese Encephalitis: A Review |
title_sort | biomarkers in japanese encephalitis: a review |
topic | Review Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3878288/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24455705 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/591290 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT kantupadhyayravi biomarkersinjapaneseencephalitisareview |