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Antiatherosclerotic Potential of Clopidogrel: Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Approaches
Background. Atherosclerosis is characterized by endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation, and the buildup of lipids, cholesterol, calcium, and cellular debris within the intima of the walls of large and medium size arteries. Objective. To evaluate the effect of clopidogrel on atherosclerosis p...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
2013
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3888675/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24455725 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/790263 |
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author | Hadi, Najah R. Mohammad, Bassim I. Ajeena, Ihsan M. Sahib, Hussam H. |
author_facet | Hadi, Najah R. Mohammad, Bassim I. Ajeena, Ihsan M. Sahib, Hussam H. |
author_sort | Hadi, Najah R. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Background. Atherosclerosis is characterized by endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation, and the buildup of lipids, cholesterol, calcium, and cellular debris within the intima of the walls of large and medium size arteries. Objective. To evaluate the effect of clopidogrel on atherosclerosis progression. Materials and Methods. A total of 28 local domestic rabbits were assigned to four groups: normal control, atherogenic control, vehicle control, and clopidogrel treated. Serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-C, plasma high sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), and plasma reduced glutathione (GSH) were measured at the end of the experiment. Immunohistochemical of aortic atherosclerotic changes were also performed. Results. There was no statistically significant difference between atherogenic control group and vehicle group. Levels of lipid profile, atherogenic index, hsCRP, and MDA are increased while GSH levels were decreased in animals on atherogenic diet. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that aortic expressions of VCAM-1, MCP-1, TNF-α, and IL-17A were significantly increased in atherogenic control group. Histopathologic finding showed that animals on atherogenic diet have significant atherosclerotic lesion. Compared to atherogenic control group clopidogrel do not have significant effect on lipid profile. Clopidogrel significantly reduces hsCRP and MDA levels and increases GSH level. Furthermore, clopidogrel treatment significantly reduced aortic expressions parameters and the histopathologic examination of the aortic arch showed a significant reduction of atherosclerotic lesion. Conclusions. This study outlines how clopidogrel reduces lipid peroxidation, systemic inflammation, and aortic expression of inflammatory markers and hence reduces the progression of atherosclerosis. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-3888675 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2013 |
publisher | Hindawi Publishing Corporation |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-38886752014-01-22 Antiatherosclerotic Potential of Clopidogrel: Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Approaches Hadi, Najah R. Mohammad, Bassim I. Ajeena, Ihsan M. Sahib, Hussam H. Biomed Res Int Research Article Background. Atherosclerosis is characterized by endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation, and the buildup of lipids, cholesterol, calcium, and cellular debris within the intima of the walls of large and medium size arteries. Objective. To evaluate the effect of clopidogrel on atherosclerosis progression. Materials and Methods. A total of 28 local domestic rabbits were assigned to four groups: normal control, atherogenic control, vehicle control, and clopidogrel treated. Serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-C, plasma high sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), and plasma reduced glutathione (GSH) were measured at the end of the experiment. Immunohistochemical of aortic atherosclerotic changes were also performed. Results. There was no statistically significant difference between atherogenic control group and vehicle group. Levels of lipid profile, atherogenic index, hsCRP, and MDA are increased while GSH levels were decreased in animals on atherogenic diet. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that aortic expressions of VCAM-1, MCP-1, TNF-α, and IL-17A were significantly increased in atherogenic control group. Histopathologic finding showed that animals on atherogenic diet have significant atherosclerotic lesion. Compared to atherogenic control group clopidogrel do not have significant effect on lipid profile. Clopidogrel significantly reduces hsCRP and MDA levels and increases GSH level. Furthermore, clopidogrel treatment significantly reduced aortic expressions parameters and the histopathologic examination of the aortic arch showed a significant reduction of atherosclerotic lesion. Conclusions. This study outlines how clopidogrel reduces lipid peroxidation, systemic inflammation, and aortic expression of inflammatory markers and hence reduces the progression of atherosclerosis. Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2013 2013-12-26 /pmc/articles/PMC3888675/ /pubmed/24455725 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/790263 Text en Copyright © 2013 Najah R. Hadi et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Hadi, Najah R. Mohammad, Bassim I. Ajeena, Ihsan M. Sahib, Hussam H. Antiatherosclerotic Potential of Clopidogrel: Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Approaches |
title | Antiatherosclerotic Potential of Clopidogrel: Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Approaches |
title_full | Antiatherosclerotic Potential of Clopidogrel: Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Approaches |
title_fullStr | Antiatherosclerotic Potential of Clopidogrel: Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Approaches |
title_full_unstemmed | Antiatherosclerotic Potential of Clopidogrel: Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Approaches |
title_short | Antiatherosclerotic Potential of Clopidogrel: Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Approaches |
title_sort | antiatherosclerotic potential of clopidogrel: antioxidant and anti-inflammatory approaches |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3888675/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24455725 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/790263 |
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