Exposure and health impacts of outdoor particulate matter in two urban and industrialized area of Tabriz, Iran

Numerous studies have shown associations between air pollution and health effects on human. The aims of the present study were to provide quantitative data on variation of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) concentration and the impact of PM on the health of people living in Tabriz city. The approach proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) was applied using the AirQ 2.2.3 software developed by the WHO European Centre for Environment and Health, Bilthoven Division. The concentration of particulate matter were measured at urban and industrial suburban sites in Tabriz, Iran, from September 2012 to June 2013. TSP and PM(10) samples were collected using high volume samplers. PM(2.5) and PM(1) were measured by Haz-Dust EPAM-5000 particulate air monitors. The annual average concentrations of TSP, PM(10), PM(2.5), and PM(1) in the urban site were 142.2 ± 76.3, 85.3 ± 43.9, 39 ± 19.1, and 28.4 ± 14.9 μg/m(3) (mean ± SD), respectively. Also in industrial suburban, the total average concentrations of TSP, PM(10), PM(2.5), and PM(1) were measured as 178.7 ± 52.7, 109.9 ± 30.2, 40.0 ± 10.9, and 31.4 ± 9.1 μg/m(3), respectively. The PM(10)/TSP ratio for the whole study period ranged between 0.35-0.91 and 0.32-0.79 in the urban and suburban sites, respectively. Total mortalities associated with TSP, PM(10) and PM(2.5) concentrations were 327, 363, and 360, respectively. Furthermore, the cardiovascular mortalities for TSP and PM(10) were 202 and 227 individual, respectively. According to the attributable respiratory mortalities of 99 and 67 associated respectively with TSP and PM(10), it is clear that cardiovascular mortality resulted from PM might attributed to total mortality. The maximum 24-hour concentration of PM was observed during winter followed by autumn and the lowest one was during spring.