Lead-free LiNbO(3) nanowire-based nanocomposite for piezoelectric power generation

In a flexible nanocomposite-based nanogenerator, in which piezoelectric nanostructures are mixed with polymers, important parameters to increase the output power include using long nanowires with high piezoelectricity and decreasing the dielectric constant of the nanocomposite. Here, we report on piezoelectric power generation from a lead-free LiNbO(3) nanowire-based nanocomposite. Through ion exchange of ultra-long Na(2)Nb(2)O(6)-H(2)O nanowires, we synthesized long (approximately 50 μm in length) single-crystalline LiNbO(3) nanowires having a high piezoelectric coefficient (d(33) approximately 25 pmV(-1)). By blending LiNbO(3) nanowires with poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) polymer (volume ratio 1:100), we fabricated a flexible nanocomposite nanogenerator having a low dielectric constant (approximately 2.7). The nanogenerator generated stable electric power, even under excessive strain conditions (approximately 10(5) cycles). The different piezoelectric coefficients of d(33) and d(31) for LiNbO(3) may have resulted in generated voltage and current for the e(33) geometry that were 20 and 100 times larger than those for the e(31) geometry, respectively. This study suggests the importance of the blending ratio and strain geometry for higher output-power generation in a piezoelectric nanocomposite-based nanogenerator. PACS: 77.65.-j; 77.84.-s; 73.21.Hb