Association of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Rapid Eye Movement Sleep With Reduced Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes: Therapeutic Implications

OBJECTIVE: Severity of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been associated with poorer glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. It is not known whether obstructive events during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep have a different metabolic impact compared with those during non-REM (NREM) sleep. Treatment of OSA is often limited to the first half of the night, when NREM rather than REM sleep predominates. We aimed to quantify the impact of OSA in REM versus NREM sleep on hemoglobin A(1c) (HbA(1c)) in subjects with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: All participants underwent polysomnography, and glycemic control was assessed by HbA(1c). RESULTS: Our analytic cohort included 115 subjects (65 women; age 55.2 ± 9.8 years; BMI 34.5 ± 7.5 kg/m(2)). In a multivariate linear regression model, REM apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) was independently associated with increasing levels of HbA(1c) (P = 0.008). In contrast, NREM AHI was not associated with HbA(1c) (P = 0.762). The mean adjusted HbA(1c) increased from 6.3% in subjects in the lowest quartile of REM AHI to 7.3% in subjects in the highest quartile of REM AHI (P = 0.044 for linear trend). Our model predicts that 4 h of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) use would leave 60% of REM sleep untreated and would be associated with a decrease in HbA(1c) by approximately 0.25%. In contrast, 7 h of CPAP use would cover more than 85% of REM sleep and would be associated with a decrease in HbA(1c) by as much as 1%. CONCLUSIONS: In type 2 diabetes, OSA during REM sleep may influence long-term glycemic control. The metabolic benefits of CPAP therapy may not be achieved with the typical adherence of 4 h per night.