Parallel mechanisms for direct and indirect membrane protein trafficking by synucleins

More than 2 decades of work have yet to conclusively determine the physiological role of the synuclein proteins, even though these abundant brain constituents are participants in a broad array of cellular processes. Among proposed physiological roles is a functional interaction between the synuclein proteins and monoamine transporters contributing to transporter trafficking through direct protein–protein interactions. Recent work shows that an antagonistic effect of the synuclein proteins on the secretory functions of the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus appears to simultaneously influence trafficking of the dopamine transporter and other membrane proteins. Here, we highlight these new findings in view of the broader literature identifying the role of synucleins in protein trafficking and suggest emerging themes for ongoing and future work in the field of synuclein biology.