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Development of the Comprehensive General Parenting Questionnaire for caregivers of 5-13 year olds

BACKGROUND: Despite the large number of parenting questionnaires, considerable disagreement exists about how to best assess parenting. Most of the instruments only assess limited aspects of parenting. To overcome this shortcoming, the “Comprehensive General Parenting Questionnaire” (CGPQ) was system...

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Autores principales: Sleddens, Ester FC, O’Connor, Teresia M, Watson, Kathleen B, Hughes, Sheryl O, Power, Thomas G, Thijs, Carel, De Vries, Nanne K, Kremers, Stef PJ
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: BioMed Central 2014
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3926334/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24512450
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-11-15
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author Sleddens, Ester FC
O’Connor, Teresia M
Watson, Kathleen B
Hughes, Sheryl O
Power, Thomas G
Thijs, Carel
De Vries, Nanne K
Kremers, Stef PJ
author_facet Sleddens, Ester FC
O’Connor, Teresia M
Watson, Kathleen B
Hughes, Sheryl O
Power, Thomas G
Thijs, Carel
De Vries, Nanne K
Kremers, Stef PJ
author_sort Sleddens, Ester FC
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: Despite the large number of parenting questionnaires, considerable disagreement exists about how to best assess parenting. Most of the instruments only assess limited aspects of parenting. To overcome this shortcoming, the “Comprehensive General Parenting Questionnaire” (CGPQ) was systematically developed. Such a measure is frequently requested in the area of childhood overweight. METHODS: First, an item bank of existing parenting measures was created assessing five key parenting constructs that have been identified across multiple theoretical approaches to parenting (Nurturance, Overprotection, Coercive control, Behavioral control, and Structure). Caregivers of 5- to 13-year-olds were asked to complete the online survey in the Netherlands (N = 821), Belgium (N = 435) and the United States (N = 241). In addition, a questionnaire regarding personality characteristics (“Big Five”) of the caregiver was administered and parents were asked to report about their child’s height and weight. Factor analyses and Item-Response Modeling (IRM) techniques were used to assess the underlying parenting constructs and for item reduction. Correlation analyses were performed to assess the relations between general parenting and personality of the caregivers, adjusting for socio-economic status (SES) indicators, to establish criterion validity. Multivariate linear regressions were performed to examine the associations of SES indicators and parenting with child BMI z-scores. Additionally, we assessed whether scores on the parenting constructs and child BMI z-scores differed depending on SES indicators. RESULTS: The reduced questionnaire (62 items) revealed acceptable fit of our parenting model and acceptable IRM item fit statistics. Caregiver personality was related as hypothesized with the GCPQ parenting constructs. While correcting for SES, overprotection was positively related to child BMI. The negative relationship between structure and BMI was borderline significant. Parents with a high level of education were less likely to use overly forms of controlling parenting (i.e., coercive control and overprotection) and more likely to have children with lower BMI. Based on several author review meetings and cognitive interviews the questionnaire was further modified to an 85-item questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS: The GCPQ may facilitate research exploring how parenting influences children’s weight-related behaviors. The contextual influence of general parenting is likely to be more profound than its direct relationship with weight status.
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spelling pubmed-39263342014-02-18 Development of the Comprehensive General Parenting Questionnaire for caregivers of 5-13 year olds Sleddens, Ester FC O’Connor, Teresia M Watson, Kathleen B Hughes, Sheryl O Power, Thomas G Thijs, Carel De Vries, Nanne K Kremers, Stef PJ Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act Research BACKGROUND: Despite the large number of parenting questionnaires, considerable disagreement exists about how to best assess parenting. Most of the instruments only assess limited aspects of parenting. To overcome this shortcoming, the “Comprehensive General Parenting Questionnaire” (CGPQ) was systematically developed. Such a measure is frequently requested in the area of childhood overweight. METHODS: First, an item bank of existing parenting measures was created assessing five key parenting constructs that have been identified across multiple theoretical approaches to parenting (Nurturance, Overprotection, Coercive control, Behavioral control, and Structure). Caregivers of 5- to 13-year-olds were asked to complete the online survey in the Netherlands (N = 821), Belgium (N = 435) and the United States (N = 241). In addition, a questionnaire regarding personality characteristics (“Big Five”) of the caregiver was administered and parents were asked to report about their child’s height and weight. Factor analyses and Item-Response Modeling (IRM) techniques were used to assess the underlying parenting constructs and for item reduction. Correlation analyses were performed to assess the relations between general parenting and personality of the caregivers, adjusting for socio-economic status (SES) indicators, to establish criterion validity. Multivariate linear regressions were performed to examine the associations of SES indicators and parenting with child BMI z-scores. Additionally, we assessed whether scores on the parenting constructs and child BMI z-scores differed depending on SES indicators. RESULTS: The reduced questionnaire (62 items) revealed acceptable fit of our parenting model and acceptable IRM item fit statistics. Caregiver personality was related as hypothesized with the GCPQ parenting constructs. While correcting for SES, overprotection was positively related to child BMI. The negative relationship between structure and BMI was borderline significant. Parents with a high level of education were less likely to use overly forms of controlling parenting (i.e., coercive control and overprotection) and more likely to have children with lower BMI. Based on several author review meetings and cognitive interviews the questionnaire was further modified to an 85-item questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS: The GCPQ may facilitate research exploring how parenting influences children’s weight-related behaviors. The contextual influence of general parenting is likely to be more profound than its direct relationship with weight status. BioMed Central 2014-02-10 /pmc/articles/PMC3926334/ /pubmed/24512450 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-11-15 Text en Copyright © 2014 Sleddens et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
spellingShingle Research
Sleddens, Ester FC
O’Connor, Teresia M
Watson, Kathleen B
Hughes, Sheryl O
Power, Thomas G
Thijs, Carel
De Vries, Nanne K
Kremers, Stef PJ
Development of the Comprehensive General Parenting Questionnaire for caregivers of 5-13 year olds
title Development of the Comprehensive General Parenting Questionnaire for caregivers of 5-13 year olds
title_full Development of the Comprehensive General Parenting Questionnaire for caregivers of 5-13 year olds
title_fullStr Development of the Comprehensive General Parenting Questionnaire for caregivers of 5-13 year olds
title_full_unstemmed Development of the Comprehensive General Parenting Questionnaire for caregivers of 5-13 year olds
title_short Development of the Comprehensive General Parenting Questionnaire for caregivers of 5-13 year olds
title_sort development of the comprehensive general parenting questionnaire for caregivers of 5-13 year olds
topic Research
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3926334/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24512450
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-11-15
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