Coenzyme Q10 ameliorates oxidative stress and prevents mitochondrial alteration in ischemic retinal injury

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ(10)) acts by scavenging reactive oxygen species for protecting neuronal cells against oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases. We tested whether a diet supplemented with CoQ(10) ameliorates oxidative stress and mitochondrial alteration, as well as promotes retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival in ischemic retina induced by intraocular pressure elevation. A CoQ(10) significantly promoted RGC survival at 2 weeks after ischemia. Superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression were significantly increased at 12 h after ischemic injury. In contrast, the CoQ(10) significantly prevented the upregulation of SOD2 and HO-1 protein expression in ischemic retina. In addition, the CoQ(10) significantly blocked activation of astroglial and microglial cells in ischemic retina. Interestingly, the CoQ(10) blocked apoptosis by decreasing caspase-3 protein expression in ischemic retina. Bax and phosphorylated Bad (pBad) protein expression were significantly increased in ischemic retina at 12 h. Interestingly, while CoQ(10) significantly decreased Bax protein expression in ischemic retina, CoQ(10) showed greater increase of pBad protein expression. Of interest, ischemic injury significantly increased mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam) protein expression in the retina at 12 h, however, CoQ(10) significantly preserved Tfam protein expression in ischemic retina. Interestingly, there were no differences in mitochondrial DNA content among control- or CoQ(10)-treated groups. Our findings demonstrate that CoQ(10) protects RGCs against oxidative stress by modulating the Bax/Bad-mediated mitochondrial apoptotic pathway as well as prevents mitochondrial alteration by preserving Tfam protein expression in ischemic retina. Our results suggest that CoQ(10) may provide neuroprotection against oxidative stress-mediated mitochondrial alterations in ischemic retinal injury. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10495-013-0956-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.