Cargando…

Long-Term Functional Consequences and Ongoing Cerebral Inflammation after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in the Rat

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) represents a considerable health problem with an incidence of 6–7 per 100.000 individuals per year in Western society. We investigated the long-term consequences of SAH on behavior, neuroinflammation and gray- and white-matter damage using an endovascular puncture model...

Descripción completa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Kooijman, Elke, Nijboer, Cora H., van Velthoven, Cindy T. J., Mol, Wouter, Dijkhuizen, Rick M., Kesecioglu, Jozef, Heijnen, Cobi J.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Public Library of Science 2014
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3946189/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24603553
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090584
_version_ 1782306620639805440
author Kooijman, Elke
Nijboer, Cora H.
van Velthoven, Cindy T. J.
Mol, Wouter
Dijkhuizen, Rick M.
Kesecioglu, Jozef
Heijnen, Cobi J.
author_facet Kooijman, Elke
Nijboer, Cora H.
van Velthoven, Cindy T. J.
Mol, Wouter
Dijkhuizen, Rick M.
Kesecioglu, Jozef
Heijnen, Cobi J.
author_sort Kooijman, Elke
collection PubMed
description Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) represents a considerable health problem with an incidence of 6–7 per 100.000 individuals per year in Western society. We investigated the long-term consequences of SAH on behavior, neuroinflammation and gray- and white-matter damage using an endovascular puncture model in Wistar rats. Rats were divided into a mild or severe SAH group based on their acute neurological score at 24 h post-SAH. The degree of hemorrhage determined in post-mortem brains at 48 h strongly correlated with the acute neurological score. Severe SAH induced increased TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10, MCP-1, MIP2, CINC-1 mRNA expression and cortical neutrophil influx at 48 h post-insult. Neuroinflammation after SAH was very long-lasting and still present at day 21 as determined by Iba-1 staining (microglia/macrophages) and GFAP (astrocytes). Long-term neuroinflammation was strongly associated with the degree of severity of SAH. Cerebral damage to gray- and white-matter was visualized by immunohistochemistry for MAP2 and MBP at 21 days after SAH. Severe SAH induced significant gray- and white-matter damage. MAP2 loss at day 21 correlated significantly with the acute neurological score determined at 24 h post-SAH. Sensorimotor behavior, determined by the adhesive removal task and von Frey test, was affected after severe SAH at day 21. In conclusion, we are the first to show that SAH induces ongoing cortical inflammation. Moreover, SAH induces mainly cortical long-term brain damage, which is associated with long-term sensorimotor damage.
format Online
Article
Text
id pubmed-3946189
institution National Center for Biotechnology Information
language English
publishDate 2014
publisher Public Library of Science
record_format MEDLINE/PubMed
spelling pubmed-39461892014-03-12 Long-Term Functional Consequences and Ongoing Cerebral Inflammation after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in the Rat Kooijman, Elke Nijboer, Cora H. van Velthoven, Cindy T. J. Mol, Wouter Dijkhuizen, Rick M. Kesecioglu, Jozef Heijnen, Cobi J. PLoS One Research Article Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) represents a considerable health problem with an incidence of 6–7 per 100.000 individuals per year in Western society. We investigated the long-term consequences of SAH on behavior, neuroinflammation and gray- and white-matter damage using an endovascular puncture model in Wistar rats. Rats were divided into a mild or severe SAH group based on their acute neurological score at 24 h post-SAH. The degree of hemorrhage determined in post-mortem brains at 48 h strongly correlated with the acute neurological score. Severe SAH induced increased TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10, MCP-1, MIP2, CINC-1 mRNA expression and cortical neutrophil influx at 48 h post-insult. Neuroinflammation after SAH was very long-lasting and still present at day 21 as determined by Iba-1 staining (microglia/macrophages) and GFAP (astrocytes). Long-term neuroinflammation was strongly associated with the degree of severity of SAH. Cerebral damage to gray- and white-matter was visualized by immunohistochemistry for MAP2 and MBP at 21 days after SAH. Severe SAH induced significant gray- and white-matter damage. MAP2 loss at day 21 correlated significantly with the acute neurological score determined at 24 h post-SAH. Sensorimotor behavior, determined by the adhesive removal task and von Frey test, was affected after severe SAH at day 21. In conclusion, we are the first to show that SAH induces ongoing cortical inflammation. Moreover, SAH induces mainly cortical long-term brain damage, which is associated with long-term sensorimotor damage. Public Library of Science 2014-03-06 /pmc/articles/PMC3946189/ /pubmed/24603553 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090584 Text en © 2014 Kooijman et al http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited.
spellingShingle Research Article
Kooijman, Elke
Nijboer, Cora H.
van Velthoven, Cindy T. J.
Mol, Wouter
Dijkhuizen, Rick M.
Kesecioglu, Jozef
Heijnen, Cobi J.
Long-Term Functional Consequences and Ongoing Cerebral Inflammation after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in the Rat
title Long-Term Functional Consequences and Ongoing Cerebral Inflammation after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in the Rat
title_full Long-Term Functional Consequences and Ongoing Cerebral Inflammation after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in the Rat
title_fullStr Long-Term Functional Consequences and Ongoing Cerebral Inflammation after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in the Rat
title_full_unstemmed Long-Term Functional Consequences and Ongoing Cerebral Inflammation after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in the Rat
title_short Long-Term Functional Consequences and Ongoing Cerebral Inflammation after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in the Rat
title_sort long-term functional consequences and ongoing cerebral inflammation after subarachnoid hemorrhage in the rat
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3946189/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24603553
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090584
work_keys_str_mv AT kooijmanelke longtermfunctionalconsequencesandongoingcerebralinflammationaftersubarachnoidhemorrhageintherat
AT nijboercorah longtermfunctionalconsequencesandongoingcerebralinflammationaftersubarachnoidhemorrhageintherat
AT vanvelthovencindytj longtermfunctionalconsequencesandongoingcerebralinflammationaftersubarachnoidhemorrhageintherat
AT molwouter longtermfunctionalconsequencesandongoingcerebralinflammationaftersubarachnoidhemorrhageintherat
AT dijkhuizenrickm longtermfunctionalconsequencesandongoingcerebralinflammationaftersubarachnoidhemorrhageintherat
AT kesecioglujozef longtermfunctionalconsequencesandongoingcerebralinflammationaftersubarachnoidhemorrhageintherat
AT heijnencobij longtermfunctionalconsequencesandongoingcerebralinflammationaftersubarachnoidhemorrhageintherat