New and Emerging Treatments for Epilepsy: Review of Clinical Studies of Lacosamide, Eslicarbazepine Acetate, Ezogabine, Rufinamide, Perampanel, and Electrical Stimulation Therapy

Although many different medical and surgical treatment options for epilepsy exist, approximately 30% of epilepsy patients remain poorly controlled. For those patients who are refractory to medical treatment, epilepsy surgery often provides meaningful improvement. However, when surgical resection of epileptic foci cannot be offered or failed, combined administration of AEDs or the application of novel AEDs is the most appropriate therapeutic options. The most recent AEDs tend to offer new mechanisms of action and more favorable safety profiles than the first generation of AEDs. More recently, alternative options of thalamic or cortical stimulation emerged as potentiall effective treatment for epilepsy. The purpose of this article is to compare and review clinical information for the new and emerging medications such as lacosamide, eslicarbazepine acetate, ezogabine (retigabine), rufinamide, perampanel, as well as deep brain stimulation and responsive neurostimulation devices.