Removal of penicillin G from aqueous phase by Fe(+3)-TiO(2)/UV-A process

BACKGROUND: Anomalous use of antibiotics and their entrance into the environment have increased concerns around the world. These compounds enter the environment through an incomplete metabolism and a considerable amount of them cannot be removed using conventional wastewater treatment. Therefore, the main objectives of this research are evaluation of the feasibility of using ultraviolet radiation (UV-A) and fortified nanoparticles of titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) doped with Fe(+3) to remove penicillin G (PENG) from aqueous phase and determining the optimum conditions for maximum removal efficiency. RESULTS: The results showed that the maximum removal rate of penicillin G occurred in acidic pH (pH = 3) in the presence of 90 mg/L Fe(+3)-TiO(2) catalyst. In addition, an increase in pH caused a decrease in penicillin G removal rate. As the initial concentration of penicillin G increased, the removal rate of antibiotic decreased. Moreover, due to the effect of UV on catalyst activation in Fe(+3)-TiO(2)/UV-A process, a significant increase was observed in the rate of antibiotic removal. All of the variables in the process had a statistically significant effect (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The findings demonstrated that the antibiotic removal rate increased by decreasing pH and increasing the amount of catalyst and contact time. In conclusion, Fe(+3)-TiO(2)/UV-A process is an appropriate method for reducing penicillin G in polluted water resources.