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Histopathological Determinants of Tumor Resistance: A Special Look to the Immunohistochemical Expression of Carbonic Anhydrase IX in Human Cancers
Intrinsic and acquired drug resistance of tumor cells still causes the failure of treatment regimens in advanced human cancers. It may be driven by intrinsic tumor cells features, or may also arise from micro environmental influences. Hypoxia is a microenvironment feature associated with the aggress...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Bentham Science Publishers
2014
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3979091/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23992304 http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/09298673113209990227 |
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author | Ilardi, G. Zambrano, N. Merolla, F. Siano, M. Varricchio, S. Vecchione, M. De Rosa, G. Mascolo, M. Staibano, S. |
author_facet | Ilardi, G. Zambrano, N. Merolla, F. Siano, M. Varricchio, S. Vecchione, M. De Rosa, G. Mascolo, M. Staibano, S. |
author_sort | Ilardi, G. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Intrinsic and acquired drug resistance of tumor cells still causes the failure of treatment regimens in advanced human cancers. It may be driven by intrinsic tumor cells features, or may also arise from micro environmental influences. Hypoxia is a microenvironment feature associated with the aggressiveness and metastasizing ability of human solid cancers. Hypoxic cancer cells overexpress Carbonic Anhydrase IX (CA IX). CA IX ensures a favorable tumor intracellular pH, while contributing to stromal acidosis, which facilitates tumor invasion and metastasis. The overexpression of CA IX is considered an epiphenomenon of the presence of hypoxic, aggressive tumor cells. Recently, a relationship between CA IX overexpression and the cancer stem cells (CSCs) population has been hypothesized. CSCs are strictly regulated by tumor hypoxia and drive a major non-mutational mechanism of cancer drug-resistance. We reviewed the current data concerning the role of CA IX overexpression in human malignancies, extending such information to the expression of the stem cells markers CD44 and nestin in solid cancers, to explore their relationship with the biological behavior of tumors. CA IX is heavily expressed in advanced tumors. A positive trend of correlation between CA IX overexpression, tumor stage/grade and poor outcome emerged. Moreover, stromal CA IX expression was associated with adverse events occurrence, maybe signaling the direct action of CA IX in directing the mesenchymal changes that favor tumor invasion; in addition, membranous/cytoplasmic co-overexpression of CA IX and stem cells markers were found in several aggressive tumors. This suggests that CA IX targeting could indirectly deplete CSCs and counteract resistance of solid cancers in the clinical setting. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-3979091 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2014 |
publisher | Bentham Science Publishers |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-39790912014-04-08 Histopathological Determinants of Tumor Resistance: A Special Look to the Immunohistochemical Expression of Carbonic Anhydrase IX in Human Cancers Ilardi, G. Zambrano, N. Merolla, F. Siano, M. Varricchio, S. Vecchione, M. De Rosa, G. Mascolo, M. Staibano, S. Curr Med Chem Article Intrinsic and acquired drug resistance of tumor cells still causes the failure of treatment regimens in advanced human cancers. It may be driven by intrinsic tumor cells features, or may also arise from micro environmental influences. Hypoxia is a microenvironment feature associated with the aggressiveness and metastasizing ability of human solid cancers. Hypoxic cancer cells overexpress Carbonic Anhydrase IX (CA IX). CA IX ensures a favorable tumor intracellular pH, while contributing to stromal acidosis, which facilitates tumor invasion and metastasis. The overexpression of CA IX is considered an epiphenomenon of the presence of hypoxic, aggressive tumor cells. Recently, a relationship between CA IX overexpression and the cancer stem cells (CSCs) population has been hypothesized. CSCs are strictly regulated by tumor hypoxia and drive a major non-mutational mechanism of cancer drug-resistance. We reviewed the current data concerning the role of CA IX overexpression in human malignancies, extending such information to the expression of the stem cells markers CD44 and nestin in solid cancers, to explore their relationship with the biological behavior of tumors. CA IX is heavily expressed in advanced tumors. A positive trend of correlation between CA IX overexpression, tumor stage/grade and poor outcome emerged. Moreover, stromal CA IX expression was associated with adverse events occurrence, maybe signaling the direct action of CA IX in directing the mesenchymal changes that favor tumor invasion; in addition, membranous/cytoplasmic co-overexpression of CA IX and stem cells markers were found in several aggressive tumors. This suggests that CA IX targeting could indirectly deplete CSCs and counteract resistance of solid cancers in the clinical setting. Bentham Science Publishers 2014-05 2014-05 /pmc/articles/PMC3979091/ /pubmed/23992304 http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/09298673113209990227 Text en © 2014 Bentham Science Publishers http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/ This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/), which permits unrestrictive use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Article Ilardi, G. Zambrano, N. Merolla, F. Siano, M. Varricchio, S. Vecchione, M. De Rosa, G. Mascolo, M. Staibano, S. Histopathological Determinants of Tumor Resistance: A Special Look to the Immunohistochemical Expression of Carbonic Anhydrase IX in Human Cancers |
title | Histopathological Determinants of Tumor Resistance: A Special Look to
the Immunohistochemical Expression of Carbonic Anhydrase IX in
Human Cancers |
title_full | Histopathological Determinants of Tumor Resistance: A Special Look to
the Immunohistochemical Expression of Carbonic Anhydrase IX in
Human Cancers |
title_fullStr | Histopathological Determinants of Tumor Resistance: A Special Look to
the Immunohistochemical Expression of Carbonic Anhydrase IX in
Human Cancers |
title_full_unstemmed | Histopathological Determinants of Tumor Resistance: A Special Look to
the Immunohistochemical Expression of Carbonic Anhydrase IX in
Human Cancers |
title_short | Histopathological Determinants of Tumor Resistance: A Special Look to
the Immunohistochemical Expression of Carbonic Anhydrase IX in
Human Cancers |
title_sort | histopathological determinants of tumor resistance: a special look to
the immunohistochemical expression of carbonic anhydrase ix in
human cancers |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3979091/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23992304 http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/09298673113209990227 |
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