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Epidemiology of Coxiella burnetii Infection in Africa: A OneHealth Systematic Review

BACKGROUND: Q fever is a common cause of febrile illness and community-acquired pneumonia in resource-limited settings. Coxiella burnetii, the causative pathogen, is transmitted among varied host species, but the epidemiology of the organism in Africa is poorly understood. We conducted a systematic...

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Autores principales: Vanderburg, Sky, Rubach, Matthew P., Halliday, Jo E. B., Cleaveland, Sarah, Reddy, Elizabeth A., Crump, John A.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Public Library of Science 2014
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3983093/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24722554
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002787
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author Vanderburg, Sky
Rubach, Matthew P.
Halliday, Jo E. B.
Cleaveland, Sarah
Reddy, Elizabeth A.
Crump, John A.
author_facet Vanderburg, Sky
Rubach, Matthew P.
Halliday, Jo E. B.
Cleaveland, Sarah
Reddy, Elizabeth A.
Crump, John A.
author_sort Vanderburg, Sky
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: Q fever is a common cause of febrile illness and community-acquired pneumonia in resource-limited settings. Coxiella burnetii, the causative pathogen, is transmitted among varied host species, but the epidemiology of the organism in Africa is poorly understood. We conducted a systematic review of C. burnetii epidemiology in Africa from a “One Health” perspective to synthesize the published data and identify knowledge gaps. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We searched nine databases to identify articles relevant to four key aspects of C. burnetii epidemiology in human and animal populations in Africa: infection prevalence; disease incidence; transmission risk factors; and infection control efforts. We identified 929 unique articles, 100 of which remained after full-text review. Of these, 41 articles describing 51 studies qualified for data extraction. Animal seroprevalence studies revealed infection by C. burnetii (≤13%) among cattle except for studies in Western and Middle Africa (18–55%). Small ruminant seroprevalence ranged from 11–33%. Human seroprevalence was <8% with the exception of studies among children and in Egypt (10–32%). Close contact with camels and rural residence were associated with increased seropositivity among humans. C. burnetii infection has been associated with livestock abortion. In human cohort studies, Q fever accounted for 2–9% of febrile illness hospitalizations and 1–3% of infective endocarditis cases. We found no studies of disease incidence estimates or disease control efforts. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: C. burnetii infection is detected in humans and in a wide range of animal species across Africa, but seroprevalence varies widely by species and location. Risk factors underlying this variability are poorly understood as is the role of C. burnetii in livestock abortion. Q fever consistently accounts for a notable proportion of undifferentiated human febrile illness and infective endocarditis in cohort studies, but incidence estimates are lacking. C. burnetii presents a real yet underappreciated threat to human and animal health throughout Africa.
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spelling pubmed-39830932014-04-15 Epidemiology of Coxiella burnetii Infection in Africa: A OneHealth Systematic Review Vanderburg, Sky Rubach, Matthew P. Halliday, Jo E. B. Cleaveland, Sarah Reddy, Elizabeth A. Crump, John A. PLoS Negl Trop Dis Research Article BACKGROUND: Q fever is a common cause of febrile illness and community-acquired pneumonia in resource-limited settings. Coxiella burnetii, the causative pathogen, is transmitted among varied host species, but the epidemiology of the organism in Africa is poorly understood. We conducted a systematic review of C. burnetii epidemiology in Africa from a “One Health” perspective to synthesize the published data and identify knowledge gaps. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We searched nine databases to identify articles relevant to four key aspects of C. burnetii epidemiology in human and animal populations in Africa: infection prevalence; disease incidence; transmission risk factors; and infection control efforts. We identified 929 unique articles, 100 of which remained after full-text review. Of these, 41 articles describing 51 studies qualified for data extraction. Animal seroprevalence studies revealed infection by C. burnetii (≤13%) among cattle except for studies in Western and Middle Africa (18–55%). Small ruminant seroprevalence ranged from 11–33%. Human seroprevalence was <8% with the exception of studies among children and in Egypt (10–32%). Close contact with camels and rural residence were associated with increased seropositivity among humans. C. burnetii infection has been associated with livestock abortion. In human cohort studies, Q fever accounted for 2–9% of febrile illness hospitalizations and 1–3% of infective endocarditis cases. We found no studies of disease incidence estimates or disease control efforts. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: C. burnetii infection is detected in humans and in a wide range of animal species across Africa, but seroprevalence varies widely by species and location. Risk factors underlying this variability are poorly understood as is the role of C. burnetii in livestock abortion. Q fever consistently accounts for a notable proportion of undifferentiated human febrile illness and infective endocarditis in cohort studies, but incidence estimates are lacking. C. burnetii presents a real yet underappreciated threat to human and animal health throughout Africa. Public Library of Science 2014-04-10 /pmc/articles/PMC3983093/ /pubmed/24722554 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002787 Text en © 2014 Vanderburg et al http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited.
spellingShingle Research Article
Vanderburg, Sky
Rubach, Matthew P.
Halliday, Jo E. B.
Cleaveland, Sarah
Reddy, Elizabeth A.
Crump, John A.
Epidemiology of Coxiella burnetii Infection in Africa: A OneHealth Systematic Review
title Epidemiology of Coxiella burnetii Infection in Africa: A OneHealth Systematic Review
title_full Epidemiology of Coxiella burnetii Infection in Africa: A OneHealth Systematic Review
title_fullStr Epidemiology of Coxiella burnetii Infection in Africa: A OneHealth Systematic Review
title_full_unstemmed Epidemiology of Coxiella burnetii Infection in Africa: A OneHealth Systematic Review
title_short Epidemiology of Coxiella burnetii Infection in Africa: A OneHealth Systematic Review
title_sort epidemiology of coxiella burnetii infection in africa: a onehealth systematic review
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3983093/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24722554
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002787
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