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Cigarette smoking prevalence in US counties: 1996-2012
BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoking is a leading risk factor for morbidity and premature mortality in the United States, yet information about smoking prevalence and trends is not routinely available below the state level, impeding local-level action. METHODS: We used data on 4.7 million adults age 18 and...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
BioMed Central
2014
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3987818/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24661401 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1478-7954-12-5 |
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author | Dwyer-Lindgren, Laura Mokdad, Ali H Srebotnjak, Tanja Flaxman, Abraham D Hansen, Gillian M Murray, Christopher JL |
author_facet | Dwyer-Lindgren, Laura Mokdad, Ali H Srebotnjak, Tanja Flaxman, Abraham D Hansen, Gillian M Murray, Christopher JL |
author_sort | Dwyer-Lindgren, Laura |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoking is a leading risk factor for morbidity and premature mortality in the United States, yet information about smoking prevalence and trends is not routinely available below the state level, impeding local-level action. METHODS: We used data on 4.7 million adults age 18 and older from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) from 1996 to 2012. We derived cigarette smoking status from self-reported data in the BRFSS and applied validated small area estimation methods to generate estimates of current total cigarette smoking prevalence and current daily cigarette smoking prevalence for 3,127 counties and county equivalents annually from 1996 to 2012. We applied a novel method to correct for bias resulting from the exclusion of the wireless-only population in the BRFSS prior to 2011. RESULTS: Total cigarette smoking prevalence varies dramatically between counties, even within states, ranging from 9.9% to 41.5% for males and from 5.8% to 40.8% for females in 2012. Counties in the South, particularly in Kentucky, Tennessee, and West Virginia, as well as those with large Native American populations, have the highest rates of total cigarette smoking, while counties in Utah and other Western states have the lowest. Overall, total cigarette smoking prevalence declined between 1996 and 2012 with a median decline across counties of 0.9% per year for males and 0.6% per year for females, and rates of decline for males and females in some counties exceeded 3% per year. Statistically significant declines were concentrated in a relatively small number of counties, however, and more counties saw statistically significant declines in male cigarette smoking prevalence (39.8% of counties) than in female cigarette smoking prevalence (16.2%). Rates of decline varied by income level: counties in the top quintile in terms of income experienced noticeably faster declines than those in the bottom quintile. CONCLUSIONS: County-level estimates of cigarette smoking prevalence provide a unique opportunity to assess where prevalence remains high and where progress has been slow. These estimates provide the data needed to better develop and implement strategies at a local and at a state level to further reduce the burden imposed by cigarette smoking. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-3987818 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2014 |
publisher | BioMed Central |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-39878182014-04-16 Cigarette smoking prevalence in US counties: 1996-2012 Dwyer-Lindgren, Laura Mokdad, Ali H Srebotnjak, Tanja Flaxman, Abraham D Hansen, Gillian M Murray, Christopher JL Popul Health Metr Research BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoking is a leading risk factor for morbidity and premature mortality in the United States, yet information about smoking prevalence and trends is not routinely available below the state level, impeding local-level action. METHODS: We used data on 4.7 million adults age 18 and older from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) from 1996 to 2012. We derived cigarette smoking status from self-reported data in the BRFSS and applied validated small area estimation methods to generate estimates of current total cigarette smoking prevalence and current daily cigarette smoking prevalence for 3,127 counties and county equivalents annually from 1996 to 2012. We applied a novel method to correct for bias resulting from the exclusion of the wireless-only population in the BRFSS prior to 2011. RESULTS: Total cigarette smoking prevalence varies dramatically between counties, even within states, ranging from 9.9% to 41.5% for males and from 5.8% to 40.8% for females in 2012. Counties in the South, particularly in Kentucky, Tennessee, and West Virginia, as well as those with large Native American populations, have the highest rates of total cigarette smoking, while counties in Utah and other Western states have the lowest. Overall, total cigarette smoking prevalence declined between 1996 and 2012 with a median decline across counties of 0.9% per year for males and 0.6% per year for females, and rates of decline for males and females in some counties exceeded 3% per year. Statistically significant declines were concentrated in a relatively small number of counties, however, and more counties saw statistically significant declines in male cigarette smoking prevalence (39.8% of counties) than in female cigarette smoking prevalence (16.2%). Rates of decline varied by income level: counties in the top quintile in terms of income experienced noticeably faster declines than those in the bottom quintile. CONCLUSIONS: County-level estimates of cigarette smoking prevalence provide a unique opportunity to assess where prevalence remains high and where progress has been slow. These estimates provide the data needed to better develop and implement strategies at a local and at a state level to further reduce the burden imposed by cigarette smoking. BioMed Central 2014-03-24 /pmc/articles/PMC3987818/ /pubmed/24661401 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1478-7954-12-5 Text en Copyright © 2014 Dwyer-Lindgren et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. |
spellingShingle | Research Dwyer-Lindgren, Laura Mokdad, Ali H Srebotnjak, Tanja Flaxman, Abraham D Hansen, Gillian M Murray, Christopher JL Cigarette smoking prevalence in US counties: 1996-2012 |
title | Cigarette smoking prevalence in US counties: 1996-2012 |
title_full | Cigarette smoking prevalence in US counties: 1996-2012 |
title_fullStr | Cigarette smoking prevalence in US counties: 1996-2012 |
title_full_unstemmed | Cigarette smoking prevalence in US counties: 1996-2012 |
title_short | Cigarette smoking prevalence in US counties: 1996-2012 |
title_sort | cigarette smoking prevalence in us counties: 1996-2012 |
topic | Research |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3987818/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24661401 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1478-7954-12-5 |
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