A Novel Photocatalytic Material for Removing Microcystin-LR under Visible Light Irradiation: Degradation Characteristics and Mechanisms

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), a common toxic species in contaminated aquatic systems, persists for long periods because of its cyclic structure. Ag(3)PO(4) is an environment-friendly photocatalyst with relatively good degradation capacity for hazardous organic pollutants. This study aimed to investigate the degradation capacity of Ag(3)PO(4) for MC-LR under visible light. METHODS: An Ag(3)PO(4) photocatalyst was synthesized by the ion-exchange method and characterized by X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscope, and UV-Vis spectrophotometer. MC-LR was quantified in each sample through high-performance liquid chromatograph. The degradation efficiency of MC-LR was affected by initial pH, initial Ag(3)PO(4) concentration, initial MC-LR concentration, and recycle experiments. The degradation intermediates of MC-LR were examined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS). RESULTS: The degradation process can be well fitted with the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The maximum MC-LR degradation rate of 99.98% can be obtained within 5 h under the following optimum conditions: pH of 5.01, Ag(3)PO(4) concentration of 26.67 g/L, and MC-LR concentration of 9.06 mg/L. Nine intermediates were detected and analyzed by LC/MS. Three main degradation pathways were proposed based on the molecular weight of the intermediates and the reaction mechanism: (1) hydroxylation on the aromatic ring of Adda, (2) hydroxylation on the diene bonds of Adda, and (3) internal interactions on the cyclic structure of MC-LR. CONCLUSION: Ag(3)PO(4) is a highly efficient catalyst for MC-LR degradation in aqueous solutions.