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The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System in Vascular Inflammation and Remodeling
The RAAS through its physiological effectors plays a key role in promoting and maintaining inflammation. Inflammation is an important mechanism in the development and progression of CVD such as hypertension and atherosclerosis. In addition to its main role in regulating blood pressure and its role i...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
2014
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3997861/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24804145 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/689360 |
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author | Pacurari, Maricica Kafoury, Ramzi Tchounwou, Paul B. Ndebele, Kenneth |
author_facet | Pacurari, Maricica Kafoury, Ramzi Tchounwou, Paul B. Ndebele, Kenneth |
author_sort | Pacurari, Maricica |
collection | PubMed |
description | The RAAS through its physiological effectors plays a key role in promoting and maintaining inflammation. Inflammation is an important mechanism in the development and progression of CVD such as hypertension and atherosclerosis. In addition to its main role in regulating blood pressure and its role in hypertension, RAAS has proinflammatory and profibrotic effects at cellular and molecular levels. Blocking RAAS provides beneficial effects for the treatment of cardiovascular and renal diseases. Evidence shows that inhibition of RAAS positively influences vascular remodeling thus improving CVD outcomes. The beneficial vascular effects of RAAS inhibition are likely due to decreasing vascular inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and positive effects on regeneration of endothelial progenitor cells. Inflammatory factors such as ICAM-1, VCAM-1, TNFα, IL-6, and CRP have key roles in mediating vascular inflammation and blocking RAAS negatively modulates the levels of these inflammatory molecules. Some of these inflammatory markers are clinically associated with CVD events. More studies are required to establish long-term effects of RAAS inhibition on vascular inflammation, vascular cells regeneration, and CVD clinical outcomes. This review presents important information on RAAS's role on vascular inflammation, vascular cells responses to RAAS, and inhibition of RAAS signaling in the context of vascular inflammation, vascular remodeling, and vascular inflammation-associated CVD. Nevertheless, the review also equates the need to rethink and rediscover new RAAS inhibitors. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-3997861 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2014 |
publisher | Hindawi Publishing Corporation |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-39978612014-05-06 The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System in Vascular Inflammation and Remodeling Pacurari, Maricica Kafoury, Ramzi Tchounwou, Paul B. Ndebele, Kenneth Int J Inflam Review Article The RAAS through its physiological effectors plays a key role in promoting and maintaining inflammation. Inflammation is an important mechanism in the development and progression of CVD such as hypertension and atherosclerosis. In addition to its main role in regulating blood pressure and its role in hypertension, RAAS has proinflammatory and profibrotic effects at cellular and molecular levels. Blocking RAAS provides beneficial effects for the treatment of cardiovascular and renal diseases. Evidence shows that inhibition of RAAS positively influences vascular remodeling thus improving CVD outcomes. The beneficial vascular effects of RAAS inhibition are likely due to decreasing vascular inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and positive effects on regeneration of endothelial progenitor cells. Inflammatory factors such as ICAM-1, VCAM-1, TNFα, IL-6, and CRP have key roles in mediating vascular inflammation and blocking RAAS negatively modulates the levels of these inflammatory molecules. Some of these inflammatory markers are clinically associated with CVD events. More studies are required to establish long-term effects of RAAS inhibition on vascular inflammation, vascular cells regeneration, and CVD clinical outcomes. This review presents important information on RAAS's role on vascular inflammation, vascular cells responses to RAAS, and inhibition of RAAS signaling in the context of vascular inflammation, vascular remodeling, and vascular inflammation-associated CVD. Nevertheless, the review also equates the need to rethink and rediscover new RAAS inhibitors. Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2014 2014-04-06 /pmc/articles/PMC3997861/ /pubmed/24804145 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/689360 Text en Copyright © 2014 Maricica Pacurari et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Review Article Pacurari, Maricica Kafoury, Ramzi Tchounwou, Paul B. Ndebele, Kenneth The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System in Vascular Inflammation and Remodeling |
title | The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System in Vascular Inflammation and Remodeling |
title_full | The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System in Vascular Inflammation and Remodeling |
title_fullStr | The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System in Vascular Inflammation and Remodeling |
title_full_unstemmed | The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System in Vascular Inflammation and Remodeling |
title_short | The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System in Vascular Inflammation and Remodeling |
title_sort | renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in vascular inflammation and remodeling |
topic | Review Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3997861/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24804145 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/689360 |
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