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Immune Responses in Parkinson's Disease: Interplay between Central and Peripheral Immune Systems
The etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is complex and most likely involves numerous environmental and heritable risk factors. Recent studies establish that central and peripheral inflammation occurs in the prodromal stage of the disease and sustains disease progression. Aging, heritable risk...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
2014
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4005076/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24822191 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/275178 |
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author | Su, Xiaomin Federoff, Howard J. |
author_facet | Su, Xiaomin Federoff, Howard J. |
author_sort | Su, Xiaomin |
collection | PubMed |
description | The etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is complex and most likely involves numerous environmental and heritable risk factors. Recent studies establish that central and peripheral inflammation occurs in the prodromal stage of the disease and sustains disease progression. Aging, heritable risk factors, or environmental exposures may contribute to the initiation of central or peripheral inflammation. One emerging hypothesis is that inflammation plays a critical role in PD neuropathology. Increasing evidence suggest that activation of the peripheral immune system exacerbates the discordant central inflammatory response and synergistically drives neurodegeneration. We provide an overview of current knowledge on the temporal profile of central and peripheral immune responses in PD and discuss the potential synergistic effects of the central and peripheral inflammation in disease development. The understanding of the nature of the chronic inflammation in disease progression and the possible risk factors that contribute to altered central and peripheral immune responses will offer mechanistic insights into PD etiology and pathology and benefit the development of effective tailored therapeutics for human PD. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4005076 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2014 |
publisher | Hindawi Publishing Corporation |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-40050762014-05-12 Immune Responses in Parkinson's Disease: Interplay between Central and Peripheral Immune Systems Su, Xiaomin Federoff, Howard J. Biomed Res Int Review Article The etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is complex and most likely involves numerous environmental and heritable risk factors. Recent studies establish that central and peripheral inflammation occurs in the prodromal stage of the disease and sustains disease progression. Aging, heritable risk factors, or environmental exposures may contribute to the initiation of central or peripheral inflammation. One emerging hypothesis is that inflammation plays a critical role in PD neuropathology. Increasing evidence suggest that activation of the peripheral immune system exacerbates the discordant central inflammatory response and synergistically drives neurodegeneration. We provide an overview of current knowledge on the temporal profile of central and peripheral immune responses in PD and discuss the potential synergistic effects of the central and peripheral inflammation in disease development. The understanding of the nature of the chronic inflammation in disease progression and the possible risk factors that contribute to altered central and peripheral immune responses will offer mechanistic insights into PD etiology and pathology and benefit the development of effective tailored therapeutics for human PD. Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2014 2014-04-13 /pmc/articles/PMC4005076/ /pubmed/24822191 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/275178 Text en Copyright © 2014 X. Su and H. J. Federoff. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Review Article Su, Xiaomin Federoff, Howard J. Immune Responses in Parkinson's Disease: Interplay between Central and Peripheral Immune Systems |
title | Immune Responses in Parkinson's Disease: Interplay between Central and Peripheral Immune Systems |
title_full | Immune Responses in Parkinson's Disease: Interplay between Central and Peripheral Immune Systems |
title_fullStr | Immune Responses in Parkinson's Disease: Interplay between Central and Peripheral Immune Systems |
title_full_unstemmed | Immune Responses in Parkinson's Disease: Interplay between Central and Peripheral Immune Systems |
title_short | Immune Responses in Parkinson's Disease: Interplay between Central and Peripheral Immune Systems |
title_sort | immune responses in parkinson's disease: interplay between central and peripheral immune systems |
topic | Review Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4005076/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24822191 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/275178 |
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