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Changes in Cis-regulatory Elements during Morphological Evolution
How have animals evolved new body designs (morphological evolution)? This requires explanations both for simple morphological changes, such as differences in pigmentation and hair patterns between different Drosophila populations and species, and also for more complex changes, such as differences in...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2012
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4009813/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24832508 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology1030557 |
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author | Gaunt, Stephen J. Paul, Yu-Lee |
author_facet | Gaunt, Stephen J. Paul, Yu-Lee |
author_sort | Gaunt, Stephen J. |
collection | PubMed |
description | How have animals evolved new body designs (morphological evolution)? This requires explanations both for simple morphological changes, such as differences in pigmentation and hair patterns between different Drosophila populations and species, and also for more complex changes, such as differences in the forelimbs of mice and bats, and the necks of amphibians and reptiles. The genetic changes and pathways involved in these evolutionary steps require identification. Many, though not all, of these events occur by changes in cis-regulatory (enhancer) elements within developmental genes. Enhancers are modular, each affecting expression in only one or a few tissues. Therefore it is possible to add, remove or alter an enhancer without producing changes in multiple tissues, and thereby avoid widespread (pleiotropic) deleterious effects. Ideally, for a given step in morphological evolution it is necessary to identify (i) the change in phenotype, (ii) the changes in gene expression, (iii) the DNA region, enhancer or otherwise, affected, (iv) the mutation involved, (v) the nature of the transcription or other factors that bind to this site. In practice these data are incomplete for most of the published studies upon morphological evolution. Here, the investigations are categorized according to how far these analyses have proceeded. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4009813 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2012 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-40098132014-05-07 Changes in Cis-regulatory Elements during Morphological Evolution Gaunt, Stephen J. Paul, Yu-Lee Biology (Basel) Review How have animals evolved new body designs (morphological evolution)? This requires explanations both for simple morphological changes, such as differences in pigmentation and hair patterns between different Drosophila populations and species, and also for more complex changes, such as differences in the forelimbs of mice and bats, and the necks of amphibians and reptiles. The genetic changes and pathways involved in these evolutionary steps require identification. Many, though not all, of these events occur by changes in cis-regulatory (enhancer) elements within developmental genes. Enhancers are modular, each affecting expression in only one or a few tissues. Therefore it is possible to add, remove or alter an enhancer without producing changes in multiple tissues, and thereby avoid widespread (pleiotropic) deleterious effects. Ideally, for a given step in morphological evolution it is necessary to identify (i) the change in phenotype, (ii) the changes in gene expression, (iii) the DNA region, enhancer or otherwise, affected, (iv) the mutation involved, (v) the nature of the transcription or other factors that bind to this site. In practice these data are incomplete for most of the published studies upon morphological evolution. Here, the investigations are categorized according to how far these analyses have proceeded. MDPI 2012-10-25 /pmc/articles/PMC4009813/ /pubmed/24832508 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology1030557 Text en © 2012 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Gaunt, Stephen J. Paul, Yu-Lee Changes in Cis-regulatory Elements during Morphological Evolution |
title | Changes in Cis-regulatory Elements during Morphological Evolution |
title_full | Changes in Cis-regulatory Elements during Morphological Evolution |
title_fullStr | Changes in Cis-regulatory Elements during Morphological Evolution |
title_full_unstemmed | Changes in Cis-regulatory Elements during Morphological Evolution |
title_short | Changes in Cis-regulatory Elements during Morphological Evolution |
title_sort | changes in cis-regulatory elements during morphological evolution |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4009813/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24832508 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology1030557 |
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