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Systemic Growth of F. graminearum in Wheat Plants and Related Accumulation of Deoxynivalenol

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is an important disease of wheat worldwide caused mainly by Fusarium graminearum (syn. Gibberella zeae). This fungus can be highly aggressive and can produce several mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON), a well known harmful metabolite for humans, animals, and plants. T...

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Autores principales: Moretti, Antonio, Panzarini, Giuseppe, Somma, Stefania, Campagna, Claudio, Ravaglia, Stefano, Logrieco, Antonio F., Solfrizzo, Michele
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2014
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4014735/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24727554
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins6041308
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author Moretti, Antonio
Panzarini, Giuseppe
Somma, Stefania
Campagna, Claudio
Ravaglia, Stefano
Logrieco, Antonio F.
Solfrizzo, Michele
author_facet Moretti, Antonio
Panzarini, Giuseppe
Somma, Stefania
Campagna, Claudio
Ravaglia, Stefano
Logrieco, Antonio F.
Solfrizzo, Michele
author_sort Moretti, Antonio
collection PubMed
description Fusarium head blight (FHB) is an important disease of wheat worldwide caused mainly by Fusarium graminearum (syn. Gibberella zeae). This fungus can be highly aggressive and can produce several mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON), a well known harmful metabolite for humans, animals, and plants. The fungus can survive overwinter on wheat residues and on the soil, and can usually attack the wheat plant at their point of flowering, being able to infect the heads and to contaminate the kernels at the maturity. Contaminated kernels can be sometimes used as seeds for the cultivation of the following year. Poor knowledge on the ability of the strains of F. graminearum occurring on wheat seeds to be transmitted to the plant and to contribute to the final DON contamination of kernels is available. Therefore, this study had the goals of evaluating: (a) the capability of F. graminearum causing FHB of wheat to be transmitted from the seeds or soil to the kernels at maturity and the progress of the fungus within the plant at different growth stages; (b) the levels of DON contamination in both plant tissues and kernels. The study has been carried out for two years in a climatic chamber. The F. gramineraum strain selected for the inoculation was followed within the plant by using Vegetative Compatibility technique, and quantified by Real-Time PCR. Chemical analyses of DON were carried out by using immunoaffinity cleanup and HPLC/UV/DAD. The study showed that F. graminearum originated from seeds or soil can grow systemically in the plant tissues, with the exception of kernels and heads. There seems to be a barrier that inhibits the colonization of the heads by the fungus. High levels of DON and F. graminearum were found in crowns, stems, and straw, whereas low levels of DON and no detectable levels of F. graminearum were found in both heads and kernels. Finally, in all parts of the plant (heads, crowns, and stems at milk and vitreous ripening stages, and straw at vitreous ripening), also the accumulation of significant quantities of DON-3-glucoside (DON-3G), a product of DON glycosylation, was detected, with decreasing levels in straw, crown, stems and kernels. The presence of DON and DON-3G in heads and kernels without the occurrence of F. graminearum may be explained by their water solubility that could facilitate their translocation from stem to heads and kernels. The presence of DON-3G at levels 23 times higher than DON in the heads at milk stage without the occurrence of F. graminearum may indicate that an active glycosylation of DON also occurs in the head tissues. Finally, the high levels of DON accumulated in straws are worrisome since they represent additional sources of mycotoxin for livestock.
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spelling pubmed-40147352014-05-09 Systemic Growth of F. graminearum in Wheat Plants and Related Accumulation of Deoxynivalenol Moretti, Antonio Panzarini, Giuseppe Somma, Stefania Campagna, Claudio Ravaglia, Stefano Logrieco, Antonio F. Solfrizzo, Michele Toxins (Basel) Article Fusarium head blight (FHB) is an important disease of wheat worldwide caused mainly by Fusarium graminearum (syn. Gibberella zeae). This fungus can be highly aggressive and can produce several mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON), a well known harmful metabolite for humans, animals, and plants. The fungus can survive overwinter on wheat residues and on the soil, and can usually attack the wheat plant at their point of flowering, being able to infect the heads and to contaminate the kernels at the maturity. Contaminated kernels can be sometimes used as seeds for the cultivation of the following year. Poor knowledge on the ability of the strains of F. graminearum occurring on wheat seeds to be transmitted to the plant and to contribute to the final DON contamination of kernels is available. Therefore, this study had the goals of evaluating: (a) the capability of F. graminearum causing FHB of wheat to be transmitted from the seeds or soil to the kernels at maturity and the progress of the fungus within the plant at different growth stages; (b) the levels of DON contamination in both plant tissues and kernels. The study has been carried out for two years in a climatic chamber. The F. gramineraum strain selected for the inoculation was followed within the plant by using Vegetative Compatibility technique, and quantified by Real-Time PCR. Chemical analyses of DON were carried out by using immunoaffinity cleanup and HPLC/UV/DAD. The study showed that F. graminearum originated from seeds or soil can grow systemically in the plant tissues, with the exception of kernels and heads. There seems to be a barrier that inhibits the colonization of the heads by the fungus. High levels of DON and F. graminearum were found in crowns, stems, and straw, whereas low levels of DON and no detectable levels of F. graminearum were found in both heads and kernels. Finally, in all parts of the plant (heads, crowns, and stems at milk and vitreous ripening stages, and straw at vitreous ripening), also the accumulation of significant quantities of DON-3-glucoside (DON-3G), a product of DON glycosylation, was detected, with decreasing levels in straw, crown, stems and kernels. The presence of DON and DON-3G in heads and kernels without the occurrence of F. graminearum may be explained by their water solubility that could facilitate their translocation from stem to heads and kernels. The presence of DON-3G at levels 23 times higher than DON in the heads at milk stage without the occurrence of F. graminearum may indicate that an active glycosylation of DON also occurs in the head tissues. Finally, the high levels of DON accumulated in straws are worrisome since they represent additional sources of mycotoxin for livestock. MDPI 2014-04-10 /pmc/articles/PMC4014735/ /pubmed/24727554 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins6041308 Text en © 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Moretti, Antonio
Panzarini, Giuseppe
Somma, Stefania
Campagna, Claudio
Ravaglia, Stefano
Logrieco, Antonio F.
Solfrizzo, Michele
Systemic Growth of F. graminearum in Wheat Plants and Related Accumulation of Deoxynivalenol
title Systemic Growth of F. graminearum in Wheat Plants and Related Accumulation of Deoxynivalenol
title_full Systemic Growth of F. graminearum in Wheat Plants and Related Accumulation of Deoxynivalenol
title_fullStr Systemic Growth of F. graminearum in Wheat Plants and Related Accumulation of Deoxynivalenol
title_full_unstemmed Systemic Growth of F. graminearum in Wheat Plants and Related Accumulation of Deoxynivalenol
title_short Systemic Growth of F. graminearum in Wheat Plants and Related Accumulation of Deoxynivalenol
title_sort systemic growth of f. graminearum in wheat plants and related accumulation of deoxynivalenol
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4014735/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24727554
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins6041308
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