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Experts bodies, experts minds: How physical and mental training shape the brain
Skill learning is the improvement in perceptual, cognitive, or motor performance following practice. Expert performance levels can be achieved with well-organized knowledge, using sophisticated and specific mental representations and cognitive processing, applying automatic sequences quickly and eff...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2014
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4019873/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24847236 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00280 |
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author | Debarnot, Ursula Sperduti, Marco Di Rienzo, Franck Guillot, Aymeric |
author_facet | Debarnot, Ursula Sperduti, Marco Di Rienzo, Franck Guillot, Aymeric |
author_sort | Debarnot, Ursula |
collection | PubMed |
description | Skill learning is the improvement in perceptual, cognitive, or motor performance following practice. Expert performance levels can be achieved with well-organized knowledge, using sophisticated and specific mental representations and cognitive processing, applying automatic sequences quickly and efficiently, being able to deal with large amounts of information, and many other challenging task demands and situations that otherwise paralyze the performance of novices. The neural reorganizations that occur with expertise reflect the optimization of the neurocognitive resources to deal with the complex computational load needed to achieve peak performance. As such, capitalizing on neuronal plasticity, brain modifications take place over time-practice and during the consolidation process. One major challenge is to investigate the neural substrates and cognitive mechanisms engaged in expertise, and to define “expertise” from its neural and cognitive underpinnings. Recent insights showed that many brain structures are recruited during task performance, but only activity in regions related to domain-specific knowledge distinguishes experts from novices. The present review focuses on three expertise domains placed across a motor to mental gradient of skill learning: sequential motor skill, mental simulation of the movement (motor imagery), and meditation as a paradigmatic example of “pure” mental training. We first describe results on each specific domain from the initial skill acquisition to expert performance, including recent results on the corresponding underlying neural mechanisms. We then discuss differences and similarities between these domains with the aim to identify the highlights of the neurocognitive processes underpinning expertise, and conclude with suggestions for future research. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4019873 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2014 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-40198732014-05-20 Experts bodies, experts minds: How physical and mental training shape the brain Debarnot, Ursula Sperduti, Marco Di Rienzo, Franck Guillot, Aymeric Front Hum Neurosci Neuroscience Skill learning is the improvement in perceptual, cognitive, or motor performance following practice. Expert performance levels can be achieved with well-organized knowledge, using sophisticated and specific mental representations and cognitive processing, applying automatic sequences quickly and efficiently, being able to deal with large amounts of information, and many other challenging task demands and situations that otherwise paralyze the performance of novices. The neural reorganizations that occur with expertise reflect the optimization of the neurocognitive resources to deal with the complex computational load needed to achieve peak performance. As such, capitalizing on neuronal plasticity, brain modifications take place over time-practice and during the consolidation process. One major challenge is to investigate the neural substrates and cognitive mechanisms engaged in expertise, and to define “expertise” from its neural and cognitive underpinnings. Recent insights showed that many brain structures are recruited during task performance, but only activity in regions related to domain-specific knowledge distinguishes experts from novices. The present review focuses on three expertise domains placed across a motor to mental gradient of skill learning: sequential motor skill, mental simulation of the movement (motor imagery), and meditation as a paradigmatic example of “pure” mental training. We first describe results on each specific domain from the initial skill acquisition to expert performance, including recent results on the corresponding underlying neural mechanisms. We then discuss differences and similarities between these domains with the aim to identify the highlights of the neurocognitive processes underpinning expertise, and conclude with suggestions for future research. Frontiers Media S.A. 2014-05-07 /pmc/articles/PMC4019873/ /pubmed/24847236 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00280 Text en Copyright © 2014 Debarnot, Sperduti, Di Rienzo and Guillot. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Neuroscience Debarnot, Ursula Sperduti, Marco Di Rienzo, Franck Guillot, Aymeric Experts bodies, experts minds: How physical and mental training shape the brain |
title | Experts bodies, experts minds: How physical and mental training shape the brain |
title_full | Experts bodies, experts minds: How physical and mental training shape the brain |
title_fullStr | Experts bodies, experts minds: How physical and mental training shape the brain |
title_full_unstemmed | Experts bodies, experts minds: How physical and mental training shape the brain |
title_short | Experts bodies, experts minds: How physical and mental training shape the brain |
title_sort | experts bodies, experts minds: how physical and mental training shape the brain |
topic | Neuroscience |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4019873/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24847236 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00280 |
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