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tRNA gene diversity in the three domains of life
Transfer RNA (tRNA) is widely known for its key role in decoding mRNA into protein. Despite their necessity and relatively short nucleotide sequences, a large diversity of gene structures and RNA secondary structures of pre-tRNAs and mature tRNAs have recently been discovered in the three domains of...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2014
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4033280/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24904642 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2014.00142 |
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author | Fujishima, Kosuke Kanai, Akio |
author_facet | Fujishima, Kosuke Kanai, Akio |
author_sort | Fujishima, Kosuke |
collection | PubMed |
description | Transfer RNA (tRNA) is widely known for its key role in decoding mRNA into protein. Despite their necessity and relatively short nucleotide sequences, a large diversity of gene structures and RNA secondary structures of pre-tRNAs and mature tRNAs have recently been discovered in the three domains of life. Growing evidences of disrupted tRNA genes in the genomes of Archaea reveals unique gene structures such as, intron-containing tRNA, split tRNA, and permuted tRNA. Coding sequence for these tRNAs are either separated with introns, fragmented, or permuted at the genome level. Although evolutionary scenario behind the tRNA gene disruption is still unclear, diversity of tRNA structure seems to be co-evolved with their processing enzyme, so-called RNA splicing endonuclease. Metazoan mitochondrial tRNAs (mtRNAs) are known for their unique lack of either one or two arms from the typical tRNA cloverleaf structure, while still maintaining functionality. Recently identified nematode-specific V-arm containing tRNAs (nev-tRNAs) possess long variable arms that are specific to eukaryotic class II tRNA(Ser) and tRNA(Leu) but also decode class I tRNA codons. Moreover, many tRNA-like sequences have been found in the genomes of different organisms and viruses. Thus, this review is aimed to cover the latest knowledge on tRNA gene diversity and further recapitulate the evolutionary and biological aspects that caused such uniqueness. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4033280 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2014 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-40332802014-06-05 tRNA gene diversity in the three domains of life Fujishima, Kosuke Kanai, Akio Front Genet Genetics Transfer RNA (tRNA) is widely known for its key role in decoding mRNA into protein. Despite their necessity and relatively short nucleotide sequences, a large diversity of gene structures and RNA secondary structures of pre-tRNAs and mature tRNAs have recently been discovered in the three domains of life. Growing evidences of disrupted tRNA genes in the genomes of Archaea reveals unique gene structures such as, intron-containing tRNA, split tRNA, and permuted tRNA. Coding sequence for these tRNAs are either separated with introns, fragmented, or permuted at the genome level. Although evolutionary scenario behind the tRNA gene disruption is still unclear, diversity of tRNA structure seems to be co-evolved with their processing enzyme, so-called RNA splicing endonuclease. Metazoan mitochondrial tRNAs (mtRNAs) are known for their unique lack of either one or two arms from the typical tRNA cloverleaf structure, while still maintaining functionality. Recently identified nematode-specific V-arm containing tRNAs (nev-tRNAs) possess long variable arms that are specific to eukaryotic class II tRNA(Ser) and tRNA(Leu) but also decode class I tRNA codons. Moreover, many tRNA-like sequences have been found in the genomes of different organisms and viruses. Thus, this review is aimed to cover the latest knowledge on tRNA gene diversity and further recapitulate the evolutionary and biological aspects that caused such uniqueness. Frontiers Media S.A. 2014-05-26 /pmc/articles/PMC4033280/ /pubmed/24904642 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2014.00142 Text en Copyright © 2014 Fujishima and Kanai. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Genetics Fujishima, Kosuke Kanai, Akio tRNA gene diversity in the three domains of life |
title | tRNA gene diversity in the three domains of life |
title_full | tRNA gene diversity in the three domains of life |
title_fullStr | tRNA gene diversity in the three domains of life |
title_full_unstemmed | tRNA gene diversity in the three domains of life |
title_short | tRNA gene diversity in the three domains of life |
title_sort | trna gene diversity in the three domains of life |
topic | Genetics |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4033280/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24904642 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2014.00142 |
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